Competency 23 Flashcards
What is Gerry Mandering?
to manipulate an electoral area, usually by changing the boundaries in order to get extra votes unfairly
What is a central question raised in public policy debates?
Individual rights seem to be replaced by group rights, particular issues include affirmative action, quotas, gerry mandering
testament to the american system that we can enter into these debates, find solutions, and come out stronger
How does one differentiate between fact and opinion?
you must ask if what is being stated can be proven from other sources or other methods or by the simple process of REASONING
What are included as primary sources?
- Documents that reflect the every day concerns of people such as bills, deeds, charters, diaries, newspaper reports, records of decision making, letters, receipts, snapshots
- Theoretical writings might include newspaper editorials, sermons, political speeches, philosophical writing (Martin Luthor King Speech, John Locke’s book)
- Narrative accounts of events, ideas, trends written by someone living at that time
- Statistical Data
- Literature and Non-verbal materials including novels, stories, poetry, artificats, coins, and art
What are the guidelines for using primary resources?
understand language of the time (gay)
making sure you use critical thinking skills while you are reading history
read entire text (context)
use original text
What are some Secondary Sources?
Book written based on primary materials about a period of time Ex. Civil War
Book written based on a famous person of a particular time Ex. Abraham Lincoln
Books and articles written based on primary materials about the culture and values of a period Ex. Victorian period (eat, drink, dress)
Quotations from primary source
Statistical data on period
Conclusons and inferences from other historians
multiple interpretations of ethos of the time (morality)
What are the guidelines for using Secondary sources?
- do not rely on 1 source
- Check facts and interpretations against primary sources
- Do not accept conclusions of other historians without checking
- Use the most respected scholars for your sources
- be careful not to treat infrences of other scholars as facts
- recognize writers can be biast in their interpretation of history
When researching what must you do with all the information you have gathered from multiple sources?
must synthesize it: take parts and put in a whole
What is the purpose of a synthesis?
to understand the works of others and using that work to shape a conclusion
What is an important objective in the SS curriculum?
to help students become critical thinkings so that they can recognize and understand reasoning errors
Reasoning errors fall into 2 categories. What are they?
- Inadequate reasons
- Misleading reasoning
What are inadequate reasons that are a type of reasoning error?
- Faulty analogies: comparing 2 things that are not similar in significant aspects
- False Cause (Post hoc Ergo Propter hoc): After this, therefore, because of this. Must be a fact between fact and cause. slavery ended, therefore, black people treated fairly
- AdHonimen: attacking person instead of addressing issues
- Slippery Slope: predicting what will follow if a certain event occurs
- Hasty Conclusions: leaping to conclusions when don’t have all the evidence
What are types of Misleading Reasoning that is a type of reasoning error?
- Red Herring: get opponet on the defensive by distracting people away from the issue they really want to talk about
- Ad Populum (Jumping on the bandwagon): everyon does it, so it must be right
- Appeal to Tradition: We have always done it this way
- False Delima (either or or): only way you can do it. Either this way or this way.
What does ad hominum mean?
an inadequate reason that attcks the person instead of addressing issues
What is the Red Herring?
misleading reason that gets your opponet on the defensive about a different issue than the one under discussion
