Competency 1

Question 1

Jean Piaget

Answer 1

created the theory of cognitive development

Question 2

what are the four stages of cognitiev development

Answer 2

Sensorimotor 0-2 years
preoperational 2-7 years
Concrete operational 7-11 years
Formal operational adolescence to adulthood

Question 3

sensorimotor 0-2 years

Answer 3

learns through reflexes, senses and movement actions on the environment. Begins to imitate others and rememvr events; shifts to symbolic thinking. Comes to understand that objects do not cease to exist when they are out of sight - object permanence. Moves from reflexive actions to intentional activity

Question 4

preoperational 2-7 years

Answer 4

develops language and begins to use symbols to represent objects. Has difficulty with past and future - thinks in the present. can think through operations logically in one direction. has difficulties understanding the point of view of another person.

Question 5

concrete operational 7-11 years

Answer 5

can think logically about concrete (hands on) problems. understands conservation and organizes things into categories and in series. can reverse thinking to mentally “undo” actions. Understands past, present, and future.

Question 6

Formal operational 11- adult

Answer 6

can think hypothetically and deductively. Thinking becomes more scientific. solves abstract problems in logical fashion. can consider multiple perspectives and develops concerns about social issues, personal identity, and justice

Question 7

cognitive development

Answer 7

refers to changes in thinking, reasoning, and decision making

Question 8

Moral Development

Answer 8

Moral development is the process throught which children develop proper attitudes and behaviors toward other people in society, based on social and cultural norms, rules, and laws.

Question 9

egocentric

Answer 9

to see the world and the experiences of others form their own viewpoint

Question 10

object permanence

Answer 10

the understanding that objects exist in the environment whether they perceive them or not

Question 11

conservation

Answer 11

is the principle that the amount or number of something remains the same even if the arrangement or appearance is changed

Question 12

reversibility

Answer 12

the ability to reverse a process mentally, allows the concrete operational student to see that there is more than one way to classify a group of objects

Question 13

classification

Answer 13

depends on a students abilities to focus on a single characteristic of objects in a set, and group the objects according to that characteristic

Question 14

seriation

Answer 14

the process of making an orderly attangement from large to small or vice versa, understanding sequential relationships

Question 15

equilibrium

Answer 15

the act of searching for a balance;if we apply a particular scheme to an event or situation and the scheme works, then equilibrium exists

Question 16

disequilibrium

Answer 16

if the scheme does not work or produce a satisfying result, become uncomfortable

Question 17

lev vygotsky

Answer 17

human activities take place in cultural settings and that they cannot be understood apart from these settings
sociocultural perspective

Question 18

zone of proximal development

Answer 18

(ZPD) is the area between the childs current development level as determined by independent problem solving and the level of development that the child could achieve through adult guidance or in colaboration with more capable peers

Question 19

scaffolding

Answer 19

the idea is that children use th the help for support while they build a firm understanding that will eventually allow them to solve the problems on their own

Question 20

private speech

Answer 20

mutterings that play an important part in cognitive development because they move children in stages towards self regulation

Question 21

assisted learning

Answer 21

or guided participation requires first learning from the student what is needed then giving information prompts reminders and encouragement at the right time and in the right amounts and gradually allowing the students to do more and more on their own

Question 22

Erik H. Erikson

Answer 22

created the 8 stages of psychosocial development

Question 23

stages of psychosocial development

Answer 23

trust vs mistrust
autonomy vs shame an doubt
initiative vs guilt 
industry vs inferiority
identity vs role confusion
intimacy vs isolation
generativity vs stagnation
ego integrity vs despair

Question 24

trust vs. mistrust birth 18 months

Answer 24

feeding; the infant must form a first loving, trusting relationship with the caregiver or develop a sense of mistrust

Question 25

autonomy vs shame and doubt 18 months to 3 years

Answer 25

toilet training; the childs energies are directed toward the development of physical skills, including walking, graspoing, controlling the sphincter, the child learns control but may develop shame and doubt if not handled well

Question 26

initiative vs guilt stage 3 - 6 years

Answer 26

independence; the child continues to become more assertive and to take more inititive buy may be to forceful, which can lead to guilt feelings

Question 27

industry vs inferiority stage 6-12 years

Answer 27

school; the child must deal with demands to learn new skills or risk a sense of inferiority, failure, and incompetence

Question 28

identity vs role confustion stage adolescence

Answer 28

peer relationships; the teenager must achieve identity in occupation, gender roles, politics, and religion

Question 29

intimacy vs isolation young adult

Answer 29

love relationships; the young adult must develop intimate relationships or suffer feelings of isolation

Question 30

ego integrity vs despair stage late adulthood

Answer 30

reflection on and acceptance of ones life; the culmination is a sense of acceptance of oneself and a sense of fulfillment

Question 31

abraham maslov

Answer 31

created the hierarchy of needs

Question 32

hierarchy of needs

Answer 32

physiological needs
safety needs
social needs
esteem needs
self acctualization

Question 33

identity achievement

Answer 33

strong sense of commitment to life choices after free consideration of alternatives

Question 34

self actualization

Answer 34

the achievement of one’s full potential through creativity, independence, spontaneity, and a grasp of the real world.

Question 35

lawrence kohlberg

Answer 35

theory of moral development is based in part on piagets ideas; evaluated the moral reasoning of both children and adults by presenting them with moral dilemmas, or hypythetical situations

Question 36

kohlbergs stages of moral development

Answer 36

obedience orientation (obey the rules)
rewards/exchange orientation (right and wrong)
being nice relationships orientation(being good)
law and order orientation (laws)
social contract orientation (moral choice)
universal ethical principles orientation (universal principlesof human dignity)

Question 37

preconventional morality

Answer 37

where judgement is based solely on a persons own needs and perceptions

Question 38

conventional morality

Answer 38

where the expectations of society and laws are taken into account

Question 39

postconventional morality

Answer 39

where judgments are based on abstract, more personal principles of justice that are not necessarily defined by society’s laws.

Question 40

james marcia

Answer 40

created the identity states

Question 41

carol gilligan

Answer 41

individuals move from a focus on self-interest to moral reasoning based on commitment to specific individuals and relationships, and then to the highest level of morality based on the principles of responsibility and care for all people

Question 42

Gilligans’s stages of ethical care

Answer 42

preconventional (individual survival)
transition is from selfishness to responsibility
conventional (self sacrifice)
transition is from goodness to truth
postconventional (principle of nonviolence; do not hurt others or self)

Question 43

Orientation to individual survival

Answer 43

the self is the sole object of concern.

Question 44

goodness vs self sacrifice

Answer 44

This level is where a woman adopts societal values and social membership.

Question 45

The morality of nonviolence

Answer 45

by caring for others you develop relationships and therefore a morality of nonviolence

Question 46

james marcia’s identity states

Answer 46

foreclosure
identity diffusion
moratorium
identity achievement

Question 47

diffusion

Answer 47

uncenteredness; confusion about who one is and what one wants

Question 48

identity foreclosure

Answer 48

acceptance of parental life choices without consideration of options

Question 49

identity moratorium

Answer 49

identity crisis; suspension of hcoices because of struggle