Comparing Texts Flashcards
Onomatopoeia
formation of a word, a sound that’s associate with something else
Alliteration
occurs nice of the same letter/sound at start of a word
Rhyme
correspondence of sound at the end of words
Assonance
repetition of vowel sound in neighbouring words
Consonance
reoccurrence of a sound/syllable when speaking
Rhythm
regular pattern of sound -a beat
Elision
omission of a sound/syllable when speaking -slurred eg gonna/wanna
Phonemes
distinct units of language that distinguish one word from another
Prosodic features
Mark out a key message in speech - how its said. eg volume stress pitch intonation melody tempo silent pauses voiced pauses accent diolect intrusion
interactional talk
language used in conversation to create socialisation
non fluency features
typical characteristics of spoken language that interrupt a flow eg fillers repetition overlaps false starts pauses
paralinguistic features
body language and non verbal elements that add meaning to speech eg laughter
phatic talk
small talk
pragmatics
reference to something else only understood due to context
repairs
alteration by speaker to repair false speech, clarify meaning
sociolect
social dialect used by particular group of people
tag question
turning a declarative into a question for reassurance
transactional talk
language to get things done eg exchanging goods
turn taking
orderly arrangement. minimal gaps/overlaps
utterance
complete unit of talk bounded by speakers silence
vague language
un assertive, unsure eg whatever so on
adjacency pairs
parallel expressions used from individual speaker turns eg how are you? I’m fine you?
back channel
speech etc to show speaker they’re being understood eg mhm yeah
contraction
reduced form often marked by apostrophes eg can’t she’ll won’t
deixis
language that points eg here there this that
discourse markers
words that connect to another point e so anyway
ellipsis
omission of a part of a grammatical structure eg you going cinema? ARE is missing
false starts
begins an utterance then reforms - like repair
fillers
no meaning, just keeps conversion going as voiced pauses eg erm yeah like
Hedge
uncertainty, weakens speech eg maybe perhaps possibly
Idiolect
individually distinctive style of speaking
simple sentences
only one main clause
compound sentences
2 main clauses joined by a coordinating conjunction
complex sentences
main clause and one or more subordinate clauses
main clause
contain a verb, make sense alone
subordinate clause
can’t stand alone
coordinating conjunction
words that connect a sentence eg but and or
subordinating conjunctions
connect a subordinate clause to main clause eg because
minor sentence
technically not a sentence but still make sense
declarative sentence
statements
interrogative sentences
questions
imperative sentences
commands
exclamations
interjections
subject
performs action of verb
object
what receives the action of verb
complement
instead of object. verb adds to subject
adverbials
more info about the verb, how it’s doing it’s action
denotation
central meaning of a word
connotation
associations with a word
implication
intends something but doesn’t directly say it eg BUS - look there’s the bus, RUN
ambiguity
when language has more than one meaning
euphemism
polite term for something harsh eg passed away - dead
dysphemism
unpleasant term for something eg loony bin - mental institute
jargon
subject specific words used by sociolect
taboo
offensive language
archaism
old/unused words
hyperbole
exaggeration
compound
two separate words that make a new word
blend
two words combined to make a new word eg brunch
anaphoric reference
words that relate to something previous said
cataphoric references
words that relate to something coming up
discourse
how text is constructed and organised
cohesion
• grammatical
• lexical
how well the text fits together
• grammatical: structural content
• lexical: words phrases of a text to separate it up eg Later
register
language suiting/appropriate for purpose
field
purpose of text
tenor
relationship between audience and producer
lexis
words
idioms
metaphorical terms eg paint the town red
clichés
unoriginal well known phrases
slang
informal speech
colloquialism
informal speech associated with a place
expletives
swear words
semantics (semantic field)
study of language
multimodal
conveying a message via text AND image
NOUNS
naming words
proper nouns
refer to places/people CAPITAL letters
common nouns (concrete/abstract/collective)
Less specific, refer to types of people/places
• concrete: physical objects
• abstract: feelings, ideas, qualities
• collective: group of people/animals/objects
adjectives
describing words (nouns)
comparative
ER to adjective or MORE
superlative
EST to adjective
PRONOUNS
take place of a noun
Personal pronouns
relate to subject or object
•SINGULAR: I/me-you-he/she/it/him/her
•PLURAL: we/us-you-they/them
possessive pronouns
show possession
• SINGULAR: mine-yours-his/hers-it’s
• PLURAL: ours-yours-theirs
reflexive pronouns
indicate objects of verb is same as the subject
• SINGULAR: myself-yourself-himself/herself/itself
demonstrative pronouns
sense of pointing: this that these those
indefinite pronouns
don’t refer to anything specifically eg someone/anyone/none/everything
relative pronouns
act like linking words eg who whom whose which that
prepositions
indicate how something relates to another, relationship between noun that CDs after it.
POSITION - at on opposite
DIRECTION - into past to
TIME - before during after
determiners
precede mounds referring directly to them
- definite: the
- indefinite: an/a
- possessive: my/our/your/his/her/it’s/their
- demonstrative: this/that/these/those
graphology (typography)
visual elements
• typography: font size/styles
- space/empty space
- shape
- images
• iconic: direct image of what it represents
• symbolic: association with what it represents
Noun phrases
don’t usually stand alone.
noun - head word.
PREMODIFIERS: words before noun
POSTMODIFIERS: words after noun
verbs
doing words TO BE infinitive verb
main verb
clause or sentence that expresses main meaning
auxiliary verbs
helping verbs placed in front of main verb
PRIMARY: be have do
MODAL: can/could will/would shall/should may/might must
active verbs
person/thing doing the action is emphasised as subject of verb
passive verbs
emphasis shifts to the object
adverbs
extra info on verbs ‘Y’
conditional stems
used with modals eg if providing unless as long as
dynamic verb
relate to action
statice verb
state of being rather than actions
transitive verbs
followed by direct object
intransitive verb
cannot take a direct object/doesn’t have to
ideology
belief system
epistemic modality
possibility/probability shall/will
deontic modality
obligation/necessity must/may
interrogative pronouns
when asking a question eg who whom whose which what
