comparing and contrasting

Question 1

what are some features of spoken langauge?

Answer 1

1. incomplete minor sentences
2. shorter grammatical units
3. slang/informal lexis
4. non-fluency features
5. hedges
6. deixis
7. lexically informal pre starts
8. high-frequency lexis
9. direct address
10. connecting words together (ellision)

Question 2

what are some features of written language?

Answer 2

1. complete grammatical units
2. more complex grammar and sentences
3. formal lexical choices
4. sentence demarcation
5. fewer or no hedges
6. no deixis
7. formal discourse markers
8. low-frequency lexis
9. third-person address
10. words are kept seperate

Question 3

what is framing?

Answer 3

process of controlling a conversation

Question 4

what is agenda setting?

Answer 4

initially establishing a topic

Question 5

what is topic management?

Answer 5

organisation of topics

Question 6

what are the different types of comments?

Answer 6

self-related
other-related
neutral

Question 7

what opens and closes a conversation?

Answer 7

openers and closers

Question 8

what is phatic communication?

Answer 8

conversation starters

Question 9

who formulated the idea on the idea of face?

Answer 9

Goffman

Question 10

who identified the politeness strategies?

Answer 10

Brown and Levison

Question 11

what are the several politeness strategies?

Answer 11

1. bald on-record
2. pos. politeness
3. neg. politeness
4. off-record`

Question 12

what is bald on record?

Answer 12

where the speaker is blunt and direct

Question 13

what is positive face?

Answer 13

our need to maintain self esteem

Question 14

what is negative face?

Answer 14

our desire to avoid doing something we dont want to do

Question 15

what is pos. politeness?

Answer 15

informal approach

Question 16

what is neg. politeness?

Answer 16

more indirect, hedged approach

Question 17

what is off record?

Answer 17

no threat made

Question 18

what is locution, illocution and perlocution?

Answer 18

something said, something implied, what is done

Question 19

what are the four conversational maxims?

Answer 19

quantity, quality, relevance and manner

Question 20

what are the two words to describe the conversational maxims?

Answer 20

violates and flouts

Question 21

what are the two types of convergence?

Answer 21

upward and downward

Question 22

what are the two types of prestige and what do they mean?

Answer 22

overt and covert
dialect of a culturally powerful group
high social status through non-standard forms

Question 23

what is divergence?

Answer 23

when a speaker makes an effort to not sound like the other speaker

Question 24

what is turn-taking?

Answer 24

the process of taking turns in a conversation

Question 25

what is the theory behind turn-taking?

Answer 25

Sacks et al:

speakers take turns and speak one at a time
someone will stop if there are overlaps
transitions marked w no gap or slight gap
turns can vary i length

Question 26

what is TRP?

Answer 26

the point at which the next speaker might start speaking

Question 27

what are extra-linguistic variables?

Answer 27

factors that affect the way you speak

Question 28

what theory goes with dialect?

Answer 28

Peter Trudgill-

those w the highest level of education in Europe, will speak in standard pronunciation

Question 29

what is mainstream dialect and who coined the term?

Answer 29

the dialect that spans the whole nation and it was coined by Trudgill

Question 30

what did Viv Edwards and Jenny Cheshire discover?

Answer 30

general reduction in dialectic diversity which is resulting in a ‘levelled non-standard dialect’