comparing and contrasting Flashcards
what are some features of spoken langauge?
- incomplete minor sentences
- shorter grammatical units
- slang/informal lexis
- non-fluency features
- hedges
- deixis
- lexically informal pre starts
- high-frequency lexis
- direct address
- connecting words together (ellision)
what are some features of written language?
- complete grammatical units
- more complex grammar and sentences
- formal lexical choices
- sentence demarcation
- fewer or no hedges
- no deixis
- formal discourse markers
- low-frequency lexis
- third-person address
- words are kept seperate
what is framing?
process of controlling a conversation
what is agenda setting?
initially establishing a topic
what is topic management?
organisation of topics
what are the different types of comments?
self-related
other-related
neutral
what opens and closes a conversation?
openers and closers
what is phatic communication?
conversation starters
who formulated the idea on the idea of face?
Goffman
who identified the politeness strategies?
Brown and Levison
what are the several politeness strategies?
- bald on-record
- pos. politeness
- neg. politeness
- off-record`
what is bald on record?
where the speaker is blunt and direct
what is positive face?
our need to maintain self esteem
what is negative face?
our desire to avoid doing something we dont want to do
what is pos. politeness?
informal approach
what is neg. politeness?
more indirect, hedged approach
what is off record?
no threat made
what is locution, illocution and perlocution?
something said, something implied, what is done
what are the four conversational maxims?
quantity, quality, relevance and manner
what are the two words to describe the conversational maxims?
violates and flouts
what are the two types of convergence?
upward and downward
what are the two types of prestige and what do they mean?
overt and covert
dialect of a culturally powerful group
high social status through non-standard forms
what is divergence?
when a speaker makes an effort to not sound like the other speaker
what is turn-taking?
the process of taking turns in a conversation
what is the theory behind turn-taking?
Sacks et al:
speakers take turns and speak one at a time
someone will stop if there are overlaps
transitions marked w no gap or slight gap
turns can vary i length
what is TRP?
the point at which the next speaker might start speaking
what are extra-linguistic variables?
factors that affect the way you speak
what theory goes with dialect?
Peter Trudgill-
those w the highest level of education in Europe, will speak in standard pronunciation
what is mainstream dialect and who coined the term?
the dialect that spans the whole nation and it was coined by Trudgill
what did Viv Edwards and Jenny Cheshire discover?
general reduction in dialectic diversity which is resulting in a ‘levelled non-standard dialect’
