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[ANAT102A] Finals > Comparative Respiratory System > Flashcards

Comparative Respiratory System Flashcards

Guide Questions for Recitation 2

1
Q

Segments of respiratory system

A
  1. Nasal cavity
  2. Pharynx
  3. Larynx
  4. Trachea
  5. Bronchi
  6. Bronchioles
  7. Lungs
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2
Q

Systems/divisions of respiratory tract as to immune defenses

A
  1. Conductive system
  2. Transitional system
  3. Gas exchange system
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3
Q

Immune defense of conductive system

A

Mucous ciliary clearance

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4
Q

Immune defense of transitional system

A

Clara cells

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5
Q

Immune defense of gas-exchange system

A

Alveolar macrophages
Intravascular pulmonary macrophages

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6
Q

Trapping of particles in the upper and middle respiratory passages

A

Deposition

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7
Q

Removal of trapped particles in the upper and middle respiratory passages

A

Mucous ciliary clearance

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8
Q

Difference between the deposited and trapped particles in the upper and middle respiratory passages

A

Deposited particles - settle or adhere to airway surfaces, potentially remaining in place due to particle size and airflow dynamics

Trapped particles - particles caught in mucus in the upper and middle airways, which are moved out by mucociliary

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9
Q

Dorsal, lateral, and ventral boundaries of nasal cavity

A

dorsal: nasal bone
lateral: premaxilla & maxilla
ventral: palatine

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10
Q

Rostral and caudal boundaries of nasal cavity

A

rostral: nostril or external nares
caudal: choanae or posterior nares

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11
Q

Apertures of pharynx

A
  1. Nasopharynx (opens into nasal cavity)
  2. Oropharynx (opens into oral cavity)
  3. Laryngopharynx (opens into the larynx cranially and esophagus caudally)
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12
Q

Meatuses/air spaces in the nasal cavity

A
  1. Superior nasal meatus
  2. Middle nasal meatus
  3. Inferior nasal meatus
  4. Common nasal meatus
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13
Q

Separates the nasal cavity into left and right

A

Nasal septum
- bony basis: vomer
- cartilaginous basis: elastic cartilage

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14
Q

Common passageway for digestive and respiratory tracts

A

Pharynx

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15
Q

Voicebox

A

Larynx

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16
Q

Slit-like opening at the proximal aspect of larynx bounded on either side by vocal cords

A

Rima glottis

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17
Q

Aspiration pneumonia

A

Accidental entry of food or water down to respiratory passages

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18
Q

Windpipe

A

Trachea

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19
Q

Concentric layers of trachea

A

outermost to innermost:
1. Fascia propria
2. Cartilaginous ring
3. Fibroelastic layer
4. Muscular layer
5. Mucous membrane layer

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20
Q

Cartilage type in tracheal rings

A

Hyaline cartilage

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21
Q

Point of tracheal bifurcation

A

Carina

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22
Q

Branches of bronchi

A
  1. Primary bronchi
  2. Secondary bronchi
  3. Tertiary bronchi
  4. Bronchioles
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23
Q

Diffusion

A

exchange of gasses in the pulmonary alveoli

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24
Q

Phonation

A

voice production

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25
Olfaction
sense of smell
26
Chemoreceptive cells of nasal epithelium
responsible for detecting odors and sending signals to the brain for processing via olfactory nerve (CN I) types: 1. Olfactory receptor neurons 2. Supporting cells 3. Basal cells
27
Olfactory nerve
Cranial nerve I (CN I)
28
Pointed and wide portion of lungs
Apex - pointed Base - wide
29
Borders of lungs
Dorsal (facing thoracic) Ventral (facing sternum)
30
Extra lobe of right lung
Accessory/Intermediate lobe
31
Lobes of right lung
1. Apical 2. Cardiac 3. Diaphragm 4. Accessory/Intermediate lobe
32
Lobes of left lung
1. Cranial 2. Middle 3. Caudal
33
Surfaces of lung
1. Costal (faces ribs) 2. Mediastinal (faces heart) 3. Interlobar (between adjacent lobes) 4. Diaphragmatic (faces diaphragm)
34
Diaphragm
Inspiratory muscle that separates thorax from abdomen
35
Parts of diaphragm
1. Costal 2. Sternal 3. Lumbar (right crus & left crus)
36
Hiatuses of diaphragm
1. Aortic hiatus (hiatus aortus) 2. Esophageal hiatus (hiatus esophagii) 3. Hiatus vena cava (caval foramen hiatus)
37
Structure passing thru hiatus vena cava
Caudal vena cava
38
Structures passing thru hiatus aorticus
1. Aorta 2. Vena azygos 3. Cisterna chyli
39
Structures passing thru hiatus esophagi
1. Esophagus 2. Esophageal branch of gastric artery 3. Vagus nerves
40
Regions/segments of mediastinum
1. Precardial (above heart) 2. Cardial (level of heart) 3. Postcardial (below heart)
41
Structures that pass thru mediastinum
1. Heart 2. Vessels 3. Thymus 4. Esophagus 5. Trachea 6. Nerves 7. Lymphatic Structures
42
Mediastinum
Space formed at mid-line by the apposition of right and left pleural membranes
43
Serous lining of thorax (and abdomen)
Pleura - thorax Peritoneum – abdomen
44
Turbinates in nasal cavity
1. Ethmoid turbinates (dorsal nasal conchae) 2. Maxilla (ventral nasal conchae)
45
Organ which regulates air volume in respiration
Larynx
46
Organ which prevents aspiration of foreign bodies
Epiglottic cartilage
47
Paired laryngeal cartilages
1. Arytenoids 2. Curniculates 3. Cuneiforms
48
Unpaired laryngeal cartilages
1. Epiglottis 2. Cricoid 3. Thyroid
49
Entrance of pharyngeal aperture, bounded in front by epiglottis, behind by arytenoids, and laterally by ary-epiglottic folds
Aditus (laryngeal inlet/aditus laryngis)
50
Bounded laterally by ventricular folds, and has lateral ventricle which leads into laryngeal saccule
Laryngeal vestibule
51
Part of larynx continuous with trachea
Posterior compartment
52
Extrinsic muscles of larynx
1. Sterno-thryo-hyoid 2. Thryo-hyoid 3. Hyo-epiglottic
53
Laryngeal muscle which tenses the vocal cords
Crico-thyroid
54
Laryngeal muscle which dilates the rima
Dorsal crico-arytenoid
55
Laryngeal muscle which closes the rima
Lateral crico-arytenoid
56
Laryngeal muscle which assists in closing the rima
Transverse arytenoids
57
Laryngeal muscle which closes the rima and loosens vocal cord
Ventricular and Vocal
58
Structures which enter/ leave the lungs at hilus
1. Bronchus 2. Pulmonary artery 3. Pulmonary veins 4. Bronchial artery 5. Pulmonary nerves 6. Pulmonary lymph vessels
59
Types of lungs and sample animals
1. Type 1 - cattle, sheep, goat, pig (well-developed secondary lobules) 2. Type 2 - monkey, dog, cat (no secondary lobules) 3. Type 3 - horse (incompletely developed secondary lobules)
60
Characteristics of fetal lung
* much smaller * pale gray * sink in water * firmer to touch, doesn't crepitate
61
Characteristics of normal lung
* soft and spongy, crepitates when pressed * bright pink * floats in water
62
Characteristics of lungs in cattle/ox
* divided into lobes by deep interlobar fissure * apical lobe of right lung receives 3rd bronchus from trachea opposite 3rd rib * lobation very distinctly marked
63
Characteristics of lungs in sheep
* same as ox, but smaller * divided into lobes by deep interlobar fissure * apical lobe of right lung receives 3rd bronchus from trachea opposite 3rd rib * lobation very distinctly marked.
64
Characteristics of lungs in pig
* left lung only has 2 lobes * diaphragmatic lobe is marked off by distinct fissure * apical and cardiac lobes are separated only by cardiac notch
65
Characteristics of lungs in dog
* right lung is larger than left * divided into 4 lobes by very deep fissures which extend to root
66
Characteristics of lungs in horse
* not divided into lobes by deep fissures * right lung has intermediate lobe
67
Lines of reflection of parietal pleura, and descriptions
1. Vertebral - faces thoracic vertebra dorsally; where costal parietal pleura turns ventrally to become mediastinal pleura 2. Sternal - faces sternum ventrally; where costal parietal pleura turns dorsally to become mediastinal pleura 3. Diaphragmatic - faces diaphragm caudally; where parietal pleura is reflected onto diaphragm
68
Parts of diaphragm, and descriptions
1. Costal – facing ribs; at cartilages of ribs 8-10 2. Sternal – facing sternum; at upper part of xiphoid 3. Lumbar – near lumbar vertebra a.) right crus - L1-L5 by means of ventral longitudinal ligament b.) left crus – similarly to L1 & L2

[ANAT102A] Finals (3 decks)

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