Comparative Psych Final Flashcards
Dynamic Psychotherapy Goals
Understanding the often unconscious roots of pathology. Assumes a tragic vision of life. (Freud)
Cognitive Behavioral Therapy Goals
Emphasizes overt behavior and manifest pathology or symptoms. How symptoms translate to diagnosis and treatment. Emphasis on science and technology. Assumes a comic vision of life. (Pavlov, Thorndike, Watson, Skinner)
Humanistic Psychotherapy Goals
Aims to restore or attain psychological well-being through creative self-expression. (Existential, experiential).
Appreciate the person as he/she is.
Dynamic Interventions/Techniques
Classic Freudian Psychoanalysis (drives: sex aggression). Ego Psychology Object Relations Theory (Klein) Attachment Theory Self Psychology
CBT Interventions/Techniques
A
Humanistic Interventions/Techniques
A
Assumptive World (J. Frank)
Complex understanding of the social world. Some assumptive world are limited and don’t include solutions or real possibilities. A therapist provides a new assumptive world that the client can trust and invest in.
Demoralization (J. Frank)
A persistent inability to cope along with associated feelings of helplessness, hopelessness, meaninglessness and diminished self-esteem.
Placebo Effect vs Patient Expectations (J. Frank)
A
Features of ALL psychotherapies according to Jerome Frank
Mix a socially sanctioned healer, a sufferer who seeks relief, and a circumscribed series of contacts.
What do Religion/Cults have in common with Psychotherapy?
A system that tries to produce via words, acts, and rituals a certain change in emotional state, attitude, and behavior.
Evocative Psychotherapy vs Directive Psychotherapy
Evocative involves arousing underlying factors and changing them to change behavior while Directive Psychotherapy involves asking questions, making interpretations, and offering treatments.
Medical Model vs Contextual Model
Medical Model assumes psychopathology has a biological cause while the Contextual Model assumes psychotherapy works through various underlying mechanisms that are different from patient to patient.
Common Factors in Psychotherapy
An emotionally charged, confident relationship with a helping person. A healing setting. A rationale that provides an explanation for symptoms and procedure for resolving them. A procedure that requires both patient and therapist participation.
Rogers’ Necessary and Sufficient Conditions
Rogers stated that there are 6 necessary conditions required for change.
- therapist-client psychological contact (relationship must exist).
- Client Incongruence between experience and awareness
- Therapist congruence (genuinely cares)
- Therapist unconditional positive regard (accepts client unconditionally)
- Therapist empathic understanding
- Client perception (client sees therapists empathy)
E/RP
Exposure and Response Prevention: A method of CBT in which individuals confront their fears and discontinue their escape response. (Good for OCD)
EBP or EBPP
Evidence Based Practice in Psychology: Integration of the best available research with clinical expertise in the context of patient characteristics and preferences. (Starts with patient. Comprehensive.)
RCT
Randomized Clinical Trials: People are allocated at random to receive one of several clinical interventions (e.g. placebo, intervention, no intervention).
TAU
Treatment As Usual: Involves a population who have already been receiving a particular treatment and said treatment is used as the control.
EST and EVT
Empirically Supported/Validated Treatment: Scientist practitioner model where treatments are based on the accumulated data on the efficacy of a specific therapy.
Process vs Outcome Research
Process Research examines the means by which psychotherapy produces its effects while Outcome Research examines the effectiveness of psychotherapy as a treatment.
Dodo Bird Hypothesis
The theory that all psychotherapies produce equivalent outcomes.
Absolute Efficacy
Indicates whether a treatment has any impact at all. e.g. Can be determined against no-treatment control conditions.
Meta-Analysis
A research strategy where researchers examine the results of several previous studies rather than conduct new research.
Treatment Manuals
A protocol for treatment in randomized clinical trials. Enhances validity and integrity but limits creativity.
Allegiance Effect
Investigators commonly find the most effective treatment to be one which they held a theoretical allegiance.
Dismantling Studies
A study in which a full treatment protocol is compared to one in which one or more aspects of the protocol thought to be important are removed.
Efficacy vs Effectiveness
Efficacy: Systematic and scientific evaluation of whether a treatment works. Effectiveness: The extent to which treatment effects extend to a natural clinic setting.
Third-Wave Behavior Therapy
Rather than eliminate or reduce intrusive thoughts, a patient finds understanding and acceptance of the thoughts and uses mindfulness to facilitate change.
Relational (Dynamic) Psychotherapy
Understanding the clients social experience, create a supportive relationship between client and patient, and re-experience the destructive relationships together in order to find freedom from the effects.
Psychoanalysis vs Psychoanalytically-Oriented Psychotherapy
A
Transference vs Countertransference
Transference occurs when a patient transfers feelings for a person in their lives to the therapist which the therapist may use during therapy. Countertransference is the reverse and the therapist must not act on these feelings.
Free Association
A Freudian technique for exploring the unconscious mind that involves relaxing and saying whatever comes to mind when given a word of concept.
Working Alliance
The joining of the clients reasonable side with the therapists working side. Tasks are agreed upon in order to reach client’s goals. Confidence is built to that the tasks will bring the client closer to their goals.
Exposure Hierarchy
A tool to help clients confront their fears in a systematic way for desensitization. A list of anxiety provoking situations are presented from least to most provoking. Clients move up the hierarchy as the anxiety caused by exposure to an item is reduced.
Schema
A cognitive system which helps us organize and make sense of information.
Cognitive Triad
Aaron Beck’s model used to describe depression. Negative thoughts about self, environment, and the future. Attribute negative events are attributed to self and to the unfair world and the future is perceived to be bleak. Each component strengthens the other. CBT focuses on positive qualities to change thinking.
Conditions of Worth
The conditions we think we must meet in order for others to accept us as worthy of their love. Over the lifespan we learn that we must please others for acceptance and we internalize this process. (Carl Rogers)
Primary Elements of Existential Therapy
People can choose and build the life they want. Involves the physical dimension, the social dimension (how the relate to people around them), psychological dimension (personal world), and spiritual dimension (ideology and philosophical outlook).
Therapeutic “Presence”
Being fully engaged and in the moment with a client physically, emotionally, and cognitively.
Corrective Emotional Experience
Re-exposing a patient under favorable conditions to an emotional situation they could not cope with in the past. The patient can give up old behavior patterns and learn new patterns by re-experiencing early unresolved feelings.
Technical Eclectism
Drawing on multiple styles and approaches. “Whatever works”.
