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Animal Nutrition & Metabolism > Comparative Gastrointestinal Anatomy > Flashcards

Comparative Gastrointestinal Anatomy Flashcards

1
Q

GI tract

A

The organ system, glands, and structures responsible for consuming, digesting, absorbing, and secreting/excreting

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2
Q

Another name for the GI tract

A

Alimentary or digestive tract

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3
Q

Chyme

A

Semi-fluid mixture of digestive secretions and semi digested food in the stomach

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4
Q

Diverticulum

A

Sac/pouch formed in wall of alimentary tracts

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5
Q

Sacculated

A

Formed of/divided into sac-like pouches

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6
Q

Prehension

A

Getting food in the mouht

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7
Q

Rumination

A

Controlled form of vomiting, allowing half-liquid materials to be brought back up the esophagus, swallowing the liquid and deliberate re-mastication of and swallowing of the bolus formed in the process

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8
Q

Foregut

A

The stomach + small intestin

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9
Q

Hindgut

A

Cecum, colon and rectum

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10
Q

Enteroendocrine hormone

A

Peptide that is synthesized primarily in cells of the digestive tract and influences the activity of organ digestives in a hormone manner

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11
Q

Hysodont teeth

A

Keep growing

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12
Q

Brachydont teeth

A

Are not replaced, do not keep growing

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13
Q

Three main functions of the GI tract

A 
Digest/absorb
Prevent entry of pathogens
Eliminate waste (material and toxins)
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14
Q

Three classifications of animals based on their GI tracts

A

Simple nonruminants
Nonruminant herbivores
Ruminants

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15
Q

GI tract of simple nonruminants

A

Pouch-like, non-compartmentalized stomach, do not depend on microbial digestion in any part of the gut

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16
Q

Another name for simple nonruminants

A

Mono-gastric

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17
Q

GI tract of non-ruminant herbivores

A

Has modifications to facilitate microbial fermentation, many of the same functions performed as in the rumen

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18
Q

Three groups of nonruminant herbivores

A

Foregut fermenters
Colon fermenters
Cecal fermenters

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19
Q

Foregut fermenters GI tract

A

Compartmentalized stomach with one or more pouch where microbial fermentation occurs, it is separate from the glandular stomach

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20
Q

Colon fermenters GI tract

A

Have an enlarged colon for microbial fermentation

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21
Q

What is a disadvantage of colon fermentation

A

It is less efficient than rumen fermentation because of the anatomical location
Since the microbe’s in the hind gut get the stuff the animal cannot digest, it is a less favorable nutrient environment and the products are less available to the host animal

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22
Q

Cecal fermenters GI tract

A

Have a large, muscular blind pouch

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23
Q

What is cecotrophy

A

Small herbivores consume their soft feces which contain well-fermented material from the cecum rich in protein and vitamins, this results in normal hard pellets

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24
Q

What are the four basic layers/tunics of the GI tract

A

Tunica serosa
Tunica muscularis
Tunica submucosa
Tunica mucosa

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25
Q

What is the mesentery

A

The fusion of the tunica serosa in the abd cavity

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26
Q

What is the function of the mesentary

A

Houses vascular and nervous supplies to the digestive tract

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27
Q

What is the tunica serosa referred to as in the abdominal cavity vs esophagus and rectum

A

abd: visceral peritoneum

esophagus/rectum: tunica adventitia

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28
Q

What is the function of the tunica muscularis

A

Contraction (peristalsis)

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29
Q

What is the distinction between in the two layers of the tunica muscularis

A

The inner layer are circular fibers, the outer layer are longitudinal fibers

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30
Q

What is found between the two layers of the tunica muscularis

A

The myenteric plexus

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31
Q

What is the myenteric plexus

A

Controls the frequency and strength of contraction, part of nervous system

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32
Q

What does the tunica submucosa contain

A

Blood and lymphatic vessels, and the submucosal plexus

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33
Q

What is the function of the submucosal plexus

A

Provides nervous control to affect mucosal glandular secretions, motility and blood flow

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34
Q

What/where is the lamina propria

A

In the mucosa layer, houses blood vessels and lymphatics that supply the epithelium

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35
Q

What/where are the GALT

A

In the mucosa layer, important for immune functions

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36
Q

What/where is muscularis mucosae

A

In the mucosa layer, responsible for movement of villi in the small intestine

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37
Q

What are the two types of contractions in the GI tract

A

Segmental and peristaltic

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38
Q

Segmental contractions

A

Squeezing of the bolus so that it is always being mixed as it moves down the intestine

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39
Q

How is segmental contraction acheived

A

The contraction and relaxation of circular smooth muscles

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40
Q

Peristaltic contractions

A

Propel a bolus down the GI tract away from the oral cavity

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41
Q

How is peristaltic contraction achieved?

A

Contraction of outer longitudinal muscles and inner circular muscles behind the bolus, and relaxation of these muscles ahead of the bolus

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42
Q

What are 5 functions of the oral cavity

A

Prehension, salivation, mastication, taste and formation of a bolus for swallowing

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43
Q

Three structures used for prehension

A

Lips, tongue, teeth

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44
Q

What is the chief prehensible organ in cattle

A

Tongue

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45
Q

What are the objectives of mastication

A

Reduce size, increase surface area, soften, lubricate

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46
Q

What has hypsodont teeth

A

Ruminants and horses

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47
Q

What has brachydont teeth

A

Dogs, cats and humans

48
Q

The rostral two thirds of the tongue is sensitive to…

A

Temperature, touch, pain

49
Q

The caudal one third of the tongue is…

A

Innervated by nerves that carry taste sensation from the taste buds

50
Q

What are the 5 tastes

A

Salty, sour, sweet, bitter and umami

51
Q

What is the composition of saliva

A

99% water, 1% mucin, salts digestive enzymes and lysozymes

52
Q

Acini

A

Basic secretory units of salivary glands

53
Q

What are the two types of acinar epithelial cells

A

Serous cells and mucous cells

54
Q

What are some functions of saliva

A

Aids in bolus formation, keeps mouth moist, aids in taste, provides enzymes, control bacterial populations

55
Q

What is an additional function of saliva in ruminants

A

Source of N, P and Na which are used by rumen microorganisms and aid in maintaining the pH of the rumen

56
Q

What are three salivary glands, their locations, and their products

A

Submandibular (base of tongue) - mix of serous and mucous secretion
Sublingual (under tongue) - mostly mucous
Parotids (below ears) - mostly serous/watery

57
Q

Muscle type in the esophagus

A

Striated (all in cattle and sheep), smooth muscle in some locations (in cats, horses and humans)

58
Q

What controls salivary secretions

A

Parasympathic stimulation and secretin

59
Q

Mucins prevent…

A

Foaming (bloat)

60
Q

What binds the esophagus

A

Upper and lower esophageal sphincters

61
Q

What keeps the lower esophageal sphincter shut

A

Gastrin and vagal parasympathetic stimulation

62
Q

What causes the lower esophageal sphincter to relax

A

Response to the presence of a bolus

63
Q

What is the esophagus lined with

A

Stratified squamous epithelium

64
Q

4 functions of the stomach

A

Storage/release, mechanical breakdown, digestion, clotting of milk

65
Q

4 glandular regions in the stomach

A

Esophageal, cardiac, peptic/fondus, pyloric

66
Q

Esophageal area of the stomach

A

Extension of esophagus, no glands, alpha-amylase activity

67
Q

Cardiac region of the stomach

A

Mostly mucus

68
Q

Peptic region/fondus of the stomach

A

Covered with gastric pits, produce a mix of acid, enzymes, mucus and hormone, largest compartment

69
Q

What are the 3 main cell types of the fondus and what to they produce

A

Chief/peptic cells (pepsinogen and renin)
Parietal/oxyntic cells (hydrochloric acid)
Mucous surface and neck cells (mucus)

70
Q

Pyloric region of the stomach

A

Before entry to small intestine, lined by cells that produce mucus and buffer, has enteroendocrine cells that produce hormones

71
Q

Pyloric sphincter

A

Controls the rate at which the stomach empties

72
Q

What is an example of an entereoendocrine cell

A

G cells

73
Q

3 factors that control acid secretion by parietal cells

A

Histamine production when pH gets too high - stimulates acid secretion
Gastrin in response to distension and rise in pH - stimulate acid secretion
Parasympathetic afferent vagal nerve

74
Q

Stomach motility is increased when…

A

Gastrin and parasymp. vagus in response to distension

75
Q

Stomach motility is decreased by…

A

Distension of duodenum
Increase in osmolarity in the duodenum
CCK (cholecystokinin) secreted in response to fats and amino acids in the duodenum
Release of secretin in response to reduction in pH in the duodenum

76
Q

What is the crop

A

A diverticulum of the esophagus, holds food

77
Q

Why is the crop a site of digestion

A

Continued action of salivary amylase and because of microbial activity

78
Q

Proventriculus

A

Glandular stomach

79
Q

Gizzard/ventriculus

A

Muscular stomach, grinds food

80
Q

What is the koilin layer

A

Coats the muscular stomach, protects from gizzard erosion

81
Q

What stimulates vagal efferent activation of stomach muscle contraction

A

Distension of the fundus

82
Q

What is the function of the small intestine

A

Digestion and absorption of nutrients

83
Q

What are the 3 parts of the small intestine

A

The duodenum, jejunum and the ileum duodenum

84
Q

Villi

A

Projections of the tunica mucosa in the small intestine into the lumen

85
Q

Crypts

A

Invaginations of the tunica mucosa of the small intestine (opposite of villi basically)

86
Q

What are found at the tips of mirovilli

A

Glycocalyx

87
Q

Brush border

A

Made up of the mircovilli and glycocalyx of each villus

88
Q

Each villus contains…

A

Arteriole and venules, together with a drainage tube of the lymphatic system a lacteal

89
Q

Where do the venules drain

A

Hepatic portal system

90
Q

Where do lacteals drain

A

Thoracic lymphatic duct

91
Q

What are 3 cell types in crypts

A

Enterocytes, goblet cells and enteroendocrine cells

92
Q

How many cells slough off the normal villous tip each day

A

1400

93
Q

The duodenal area is the site of….

A

Mixing and secretion

94
Q

The jejunal area is the site of…

A

Absorption

95
Q

What are Brunner’s glands and what are they controlled by

A

Produce alkaline secretion that acts as a lubricant in the duodenum to protect it from the HCl from the stomach
Controlled by secretin when the pH of the fluid falls too low (too acidic)

96
Q

What are some functions of the enterocytes in the crypts

A

Sodium secretion provides an electrochemical gradient needed to allow absorption
Water secretion reduces osmolarity of digesta

97
Q

What is the primary stimulus of contraction of the small intestine

A

Distension

98
Q

What are the first contractions of the small intestine to occur

A

Segmental

99
Q

What moves the bolus through the small intestine

A

Peristaltic contractions

100
Q

What stimulates small intestine motility

A

Gastrin and CCK

101
Q

What slows small intestine motility

A

Secretin

102
Q

What is the function of the liver

A

Secrete bile to digest fats

103
Q

What is the portal triad

A

Hepatic artery, portal vein and bile ducts in the liver

104
Q

Where is bile secreted and what is it made up of

A

Into the duodenum through bile duct

Made of salts of bile acids, phospholipids, and bile pigments

105
Q

What is bile production stimulated by (and contraction of gall bladder)

A

CCK

106
Q

What are the small spaces between adjacent hepatocyte membranes

A

Canaliculus - where bile is secreted into

107
Q

What happens with bile secretion in rats and horses

A

They do not have a gall bladder so bile flows into the duodenum continuously.

108
Q

What is the exocrine function of the pancreas

A

Provide enzymes needed for digestion secreted from acinar cells (secreted in inactive form)

109
Q

Function of the large intestine

A

Absorption of water, secretion of inorganic elements, microbial fermentation, VFAs production, B-complex vitamins, forms feces

110
Q

What are the 3 parts of the large intestine

A

Cecum, colon and rectum

111
Q

What is a benefit of bacterial action in the large intestine

A

Synthesis of B vitamins that can be used by the host

112
Q

What species have an ileocolic sphincter and what is its function

A

Ruminants, cat and dog

Passage for material from the ileum to the large colon

113
Q

What species have and ileocecal sphincter and what is its function

A

Horse, pig, rabbit, elephant and rats

Place where the ileum empties into the cecum

114
Q

What causes the sphincters in the large intestine to relax

A

Distension of the ileum and gastrin

115
Q

What contractions take place in the ascending colon

A

Segmental or peristaltic

116
Q

Antegrade contractions

A

Move material forward

117
Q

Retrograde contractions

A

Keep material in the cecum longer for more extraction

Animal Nutrition & Metabolism (4 decks)

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