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Comp. Org. > Comp Org. Test 1 - Sheet1 > Flashcards

Comp Org. Test 1 - Sheet1 Flashcards

1
Q

What is the architectural area that is most concerned with computation and control?

A

?

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2
Q

Computer Architecture is analogous to a blueprint.

A

T

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3
Q

What is architecture?

A

The overall organization of a computer system.

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4
Q

Voltage can only be measured as the difference between two point.

A

T

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5
Q

Voltage is measured in volts.

A

T

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6
Q

Current is measured in amperes or amps.

A

T

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7
Q

How is voltage measured?

A

As a difference between two points.

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8
Q

What does voltage represent?

A

The potential force.

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9
Q

What does current represent?

A

The flow of electrons along a path.

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10
Q

Voltage is measured in ampers.

A

F

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11
Q

Name the semiconductor that is the mechanism used to control flow of electrical current?

A

transistor

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12
Q

At the lowest level what are all digital system composed of?

A

transistors

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13
Q

What is a transistor?

A

A mechanism used to control flow of electrical current.

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14
Q

When a small, positive current flows through the control connection in a transistor, a large current can flow through the other two connections.

A

T

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15
Q

A single transistor plus a component known as a resistor can implement the Boolean “not”.

A

T

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16
Q

Another name for a Boolean circuit in digital logic is a logic gate.

A

??

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17
Q

It takes fewer transistors to provide the inverse of a Boolean function.

A

T

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18
Q

The transistors can be used to create a gate.

A

T

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19
Q

A nor gate is composed of 6 transistors, 5 resistors, and three diodes?

A

T

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20
Q

In a schematic diagram of a circuit two lines that cross don’t connect unless a solid dot appears where they intersect.

A

T

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21
Q

The electronic parts that implement gates are classified as Transistor-Transistor Logic(TTL) because the output transistors in each gate are designed to connect directly to input transistors in other gates.

A

T

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22
Q

What is a flip-flop?

A

A part that responds to the history of inputs.

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23
Q

What is a combinatorial circuit?

A

The output is a Boolean combination of input values. The output only changes when an input value changes.

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24
Q

Receiving an input of 0 causes the flip-flop to change the output from the current state to the opposite state.

A

F

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25
Q

The single flip-flop only offers two possible output values: 0 or 1.

A

T

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26
Q

Most flip-flops include an additional input called a reset that places the output in a state of zero.

A

F

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27
Q

Counters, like flip-flops, often have an additional input used to reset them to zero.

A

F

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28
Q

When does the output transition occur?

A

On the leading edge of the input chagne.

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29
Q

The falling edge is a transition from one to zero.

A

T

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30
Q

A binary counter has multiple outputs.

A

T

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31
Q

Hertz: 1 cycle per second

A

T

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32
Q

What is the clock?

A

Hardware that allows hardware to operate without requiring the input to change.

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33
Q

What does a clock allow?

A

It allows hardware to operate without requiring the input to change.

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34
Q

What is the speed of a clock measured in?

A

Hertz

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35
Q

A Hertz is the number of times per second the clock cycles through a 1 followed by a 0.

A

T

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36
Q

What is a demultiplexor?

A

A single integrated circuit that maps between a binary value and a set of outputs.

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37
Q

When does the operation of a clock start?

A

when the clock changes from logical 0 to logical 1.

38
Q

What does feedback allow?

A

It allows the results of processing to affect the way a circuit behaves.

39
Q

The hardware can not be built to perform iteration, doing so is difficult, and the resulting hardware is clumsy.

A

T

40
Q

What is replication?

A

Creating multiple copies of the underlying gates, and allows each copy to act on one item.

41
Q

Replication makes the resulting hardware less elegant than hardware that uses iteration.

A

F

42
Q

The amount of heat generated is proportional to the amount of power consumed, so a small integrated circuit generates a small amount of heat.

A

T

43
Q

The gate does not act instantly.

A

T

44
Q

A signal requires one nanosecond to propagate across one foot of wire.

A

T

45
Q

Integrated circuits are often created using Complementary Metal Oxide Semiconductor technology.

A

T

46
Q

At the lowest level, a transistor is created from silicon.

A

T

47
Q

What is Moore’s Law?

A

the number of transistors per square inch will double every year.

48
Q

What are multi-layer circuit boards?

A

Allows wiring in three dimensions.

49
Q

Designing an ASIC is expensive and time-consuming.

A

T

50
Q

What are the five levels of abstraction in digital logic as given in our text?

A

Computer, circuit board, processor, VLSI chip, gate, transistor.

51
Q

What is the main point of digital logic?

A

abstraction

52
Q

What are the two possible conditions for digital logic cirtuits?

A

Off and on.

53
Q

What are the other ways “off” is represented?

A

zero volts

54
Q

What are the other ways “on” is represented?

A

five volts

55
Q

Every computer system defines a byte with 4 bits.

A

F

56
Q

What is a byte?

A

the smallest data item larger than a bit that the hardware can manipulate.

57
Q

Who defines the size of a byte?

A

the architect who designs the computer.

58
Q

What do most modern computer systems dife a byte as?

A

eight bits

59
Q

hexadecimal encodes each group of four bits as a single hex digit between zero and fifteen.

A

T

60
Q

If you have 32 bits how many possible combination of bits do you have?

A

2^32

61
Q

Binary constants begin with the prefix 0b

A

T

62
Q

What is the Decimal number of 1110

A

14

63
Q

What is the decimal “912,559” in hexadecimal?

A

DECAF

64
Q

The prefix hex constants with what?

A

0x

65
Q

Binary constants begin with the prefix 0b

A

T

66
Q

Each computer system defines a character set to be a set of symbols that the computer and I/O devices understand.

A

T

67
Q

Computer architects choose a character set such that each character fits into a byte.

A

T

68
Q

What is an unsigned integer?

A

Eack of 2^k combinations of bits is associated with a nonnegative numeric value.

69
Q

Big endian characterizes a system that numbers bytes of an integer from least-significant.

A

F

70
Q

Memory is bit addressable storage.

A

T??

71
Q

What occurs if an unsigned integer produces more than the number of bits it has to represent?

A

overflow

72
Q

What is the little endian?

A

A system that numbers bytes of an integer from least-significant.

73
Q

Big endian characterizes a system that numbers bytes of an integer from least-significant.

A

F

74
Q

One’s Complement. A single set of bits is used. To form a negative number, start with a positive number, subtract one, and the revers each bit.

A

F

75
Q

What three interpretations have been used to accommodate negative number using binary?

A

Single-magnitude, one’s comlement, two’s complement

76
Q

The two’s complement of (base10) 12 is -4

A

F

77
Q

List the two sets of bits which the floating point value consists?

A

???

78
Q

The IEEE standard specifies that the value store in the exponent field consists of the true exponent plus a bias constant.

A

T

79
Q

Floating point representations do store the leading bit of the mantissa.

A

F

80
Q

The bias constant used with single precision is 147.

A

F

81
Q

Double precision floating point numbers are composed of a bias constant bit, 11 exponent bits, and 52 mantissa bits.

A

F

82
Q

What does using a bias allow exponents to be?

A

Allows them to be negative

83
Q

How is a floating point number noramlized?

A

By adjusting the exponent to eliminate leading zeros from the mantissa.

84
Q

Floating point representations do store the leading bit of the mantissa.

A

F

85
Q

The bias constant used with single precision is 147.

A

T

86
Q

What does using a bias allow exponents to be?

A

Negative.

87
Q

How is positive and negative infinity represented in floating point by the IEEE.

A

The exponent contains all ones and the mantissa contains all zeros.

88
Q

IEEE standard follows the implicit leading bit assumption. A mantissa is assumed to have a leading one bit that is not stored. However, when all bits are zero what happens to the mantissa?

A

The implicit assumption is ignored, and the stored value is taken to be zero.

89
Q

What is the range for IEEE standard for single precision floating point exponents?

A

-127 and 128

90
Q

What is the Unicode?

A

An extension of ASCII and plans to accommodate all languages.

Comp. Org. (3 decks)

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