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TRIN and Comp Anal > Comp Anal > Flashcards

Comp Anal Flashcards

1
Q

What are the differences between iconic and arbitrary words/signs?

A

Both refer to symbols in language, either a spoken word or the visual sign.
Arbitrary: understood through customary usage within communities. Has no link between form and meaning E.g. in NZSL, USE, a sign produced on the chin does not emulate the meaning of the word. Cat in English also doesn’t give a clue to the meaning of the word.
Iconic: More common in signed languages, the form gives reference to the meaning. E.g. CAT, sign shows the whiskers of a cat. In English onomatopoeia - boom, crash etc references the sounds made.

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2
Q

A. What is linguistics?

B. What is sociolinguistics?

A

A. the study of language structure. Syntax, grammar, phonetics etc
B. The study of language in relation to various demographics, e.g. language used by differing age groups, genders, within different regions etc

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3
Q

What does modality mean?

A

The different forms of language, for example oral or visual - spoken or signed languages.

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4
Q

Human languages have what?

differ to animal communication

A

Grammar rules, cultural transmission (babies learn language), displacement (past, present and future), creativity, we can use language to talk about language

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5
Q

A. What is phonetics?

B. What is phonology?

A

A. The study of how we make sounds used in speech. And how we physically make signs
B. The study of the smallest units of language and how they are produced

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6
Q

What are phonemes?

A

The smallest units of language. These are combined to create meaningful words and signs. In English phonemes are the smallest units of sound (pronunciation) and in NZSL, the parameters that make up a sign; handshape, location, movement and orientation (articulation).

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7
Q

How do you identify a phoneme?

A

Minimal pair test. Pairs of words where one parameter of a sign or one phoneme in English changes and a different meaning is found.
e.g. TALK and WORK
cat and bat

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8
Q

What is the phonological inventory?

A

The list of phonemes that make up a language

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9
Q

What are the three types of signs?

A

Manual, non-manual and multi-channel signs
Manual - most common, use the four parameters, made with one or both hands
Non-manual - rare, no hands, use either head, face, other body parts e.g. yes, no, don’t know (similar to gesture used in English)
Multi-channel - manual plus non manual are both obligatory.

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10
Q

Diphthongs are what?

A

Two vowel sounds next to each other are pronounced as one syllable e.g. kite, wait, no

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11
Q

What are the three language constraints?

A

Structural, perceptual and production.
Structural: limit of sound or handshapes. constraints on how units of sound or parameters can be put together
Perceptual (sign languages): signing space, can people see what is being signed, focus on center of visual field. patterns within the signing space, signs produced on the face or the body, most near face where vision is focused.
Production: relates to symmetry and dominant conditions of signed languages.

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12
Q

Explain symmetry and dominant conditions with examples

A

Symmetry: Two hands are used with mirrored movement and orientation e.g. HOLIDAY, WAITING, VISIT
Dominant: The dominant hand has the more complicated handshape and/or movement while the supporting hand has a less complex handshape e.g. TRUE, IMPORTANT, PHILIPINES

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13
Q

What are lexical items?

A

Words or signs.

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14
Q

What differences can be found in sociolinguistic variation?

A

Words or signs used (lexicon).
Grammatical constructions (syntax)
Pronunciation (phonological differences)

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15
Q

What is social meaning?

A

The words we use give information about our identity. Who we are, where we are, and who we are talking to

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16
Q

A. What is morphology?

B. What is a morpheme?

A

A. The study of how words/signs are formed

B. The smallest meaningful unit of a word or sign

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17
Q

In English:
A. What are free morphemes?
B. What are bound morphemes?

A

A. morphemes which can stand alone e.g. the word cat

B. Morphemes that attach to free morphemes. Bound morphemes cannot stand alone. e.g. ‘s’ or ‘ing’

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18
Q

What are inflectional and derivational morphemes?

Use examples

A

Inflectional: different forms of the same word/meaning. Usually to do with tense. E.g. ‘ed’ or ‘ing’ swimming or used
Or to make plurals or comparison ‘er’ or superlatives ‘est’

Derivational: prefixes or suffixes can change the word or meaning or make a new word. ‘un’, ‘able’, ‘re’ etc
unthinkable - ‘un’ and ‘able’ change the word think to mean something new

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19
Q

What are productive morphemes?

A

When morphemes are used together to create a new word:

E.g. unfacebookable

20
Q

What are examples of free morphemes in NZSL

A

To create meaning, signs need a combination of parameters. ISLAND and OVEN are morphemes in NZSL. The combination of parameters used creates meaning which can stand alone. Parameters by themselves do not have meaning.

21
Q

What is an example of a bimorphemic signs in NZSL

A

Age is represented by a bimorphemic sign. For example the sign for THREE-YEARS-OLD is shown through first touching the nose (to show age) and then the number three (to show how old). Two morphemes are used: both the frozen sign for the number THREE is needed plus the touching of the nose to show reference to age.

22
Q

What is an example of a polymorphemic sign?

A

Classifiers are examples of polymorphemic signs as they use more than 2 morphemes.
The classifier used to show a man walking slowly up a hill has a handshape, facial expression and movement which all need to be shown together to provide detail

23
Q

What is an example of a bound morpheme in NZSL?

A

TWELVE - the movement to turn the number TWO into TWELVE is meaningless on its own.

24
Q

What is a lexicon

A

The collection of lexical items (words or signs) that exist in a language
lexicon can be used to refer to a person or a field of knowledge (lexicon of a 6 year old or health related lexicon)

25
Q

What is lexicalisation?

A

Process of new words or signs entering the lexicon

26
Q

Explain native and non native lexicon in relation to signed languages

A

Native lexicon: lexical items which originate from the signed language
Non native lexicon: lexical items which have originated from outside the signed language and been incorporated into the lexicon

27
Q

In regard to native lexicons, explain the core lexicon and the non-core/productive lexicon of sign language

A

Core: frozen, standardized signs which can be found in the dictionary
Non-core: usually refer to things such as classifiers, partly lexical and partly gestural. Used in complex and productive ways to create meaning. These are not consistent and change depending on context.

28
Q

What is compounding? Use examples from English and NZSL

A

Two or more words together that create new meaning.
English: stress on first part of word, e.g. bathroom, wheelchair, starfish
NZSL: Seamlessly combined, 1st movement reduced, 2nd movement is lost, subordinate hand takes up end position from start if 2nd sign is two handed
e.g. WORKSHOP

29
Q

What is syntax?

A

The branch of linguistics that describes and investigates the acceptable order of words or signs in language

30
Q

What is SVO?

A

Basic word order in English sentence structure. The subject is usually the first noun in the sentence. Subject, verb, object
Subject does the verb, object has the verb done to it.

31
Q

What is a copula

A

A copula links the subject of a sentence with the predicate (everything else in
the sentence said about the subject)
The copula in English is the verb ‘to be’
• I am, you are, she/he/it is, we are, they are, I was, you were, she/he/it was, we
were, they were.

32
Q

Not a Q, just info from McKee 2015:
“English relies on linear, or sequential, organisation of
meaning…. the order of words and parts is usually quite
specified…”

A

“Signed languages, however, can use linear and simultaneous ways of combining elements of meaning. This can include using two hands at once to produce different signs that interact with each other, or altering the movement or placement of a sign to modify the meaning of a sentence without extra ‘words’.”

33
Q

What is null subject

A

Sometimes in natural discourse, the subject in an NZSL sentence is deleted (once it has already been established).

34
Q

Name the different types of verbs in NZSL

A

Plain and inflecting
Plain: Don’t change movement or location to show subject/object, often body anchored. Pronouns or nouns show subject/object
E.g. I LOVE YOU, I ENJOY SWIMMING, HE EATS CHIPS
Agreement: Begins at subject, ends at object, uses movement to show subject and object.
E.g VISIT, ASK, HELP
Partial agreement: Only works between 1st and 2nd or 1st and 3rd person E.g. THANK-YOU, EXPLAIN
Spatial: Gives information about location or direction of an action, movement and direction inflected to show where something happened or in which direction something is moving
E.g. DRIVE-TO, FLY-TO, ARRIVE, DROP
Backward agreement: e.g. INVITE - starts at object and ends at subject

35
Q

What is semantics?

A

The study of meaning and how we use words/signs and utterances to transmit meanings to others

36
Q

What is:
A. Descriptive meaning?
B. Social meaning?
C. Expressive meaning?

A

A. words and signs used as labels for real and imaginary things (dictionary definition of words and signs). Describe events, people, places, objects etc.
B. Gives information about our identity, words used give clues about who we are, where we are from, who we are talking to
C. The way we speak, words and signs used, conveys attitudes, feelings, opinions

37
Q

A. What is compositional meaning?

B. What is non-compositional meaning?

A

A. The meaning is found in the words which compose the sentence. The literal meaning.
B. Can be read literally or figuratively. An example is idioms in English - Don’t cry over spilled milk. NZSL - MISSED BUS (missed the bus). Metaphor, equating one thing with another, is another example. This can be used in English and NZSL. E.g. REMEMBER (grabbing onto thoughts) or you are my sunshine, heart of gold

38
Q

What is discourse?

A

Language beyond the clause/ sentence, extended samples of spoken, signed or written text. Different types of language used in different contexts.
What we say, how we say it and what we mean.

39
Q

What is register?

A

How we use language differently according to social contexts.
We will have different registers when talking with friends versus when at work

40
Q

Describe Joo’s Formality model:

Intimate, Casual, Consultative, Formal, Frozen

A

Intimate: register of language used with people we know well such as close friends and family. Shared experiences, jokes etc short words or a look is enough to convey meaning
Casual: Relaxed and spontaneous, some shared background (unfinished sentences) such as with close friends.
Consultative: More formal and explicit due to lack of shared background e.g. teacher and student or Dr and patient conversations
Formal: Often strangers, rehearsed or planned such as graduation, church, conference etc often one way (monologic, while above categories were dialogic)
Frozen: language does not change: national anthem, Lord’s prayer, wedding vows

41
Q

What is pragmatics?

A

The study of how language is used in specific situations to accomplish goals. These rules are usually subtle and you learn them as you grow up
A part of discourse, the unwritten rules about how we communicate. E.g. politeness looks different in different languages and cultures

42
Q

What is multilinguilism

A

A person or group of people who use two or more languages

43
Q

In regard to multilinguilism, what is language policy?

A

Multilingualism in communities is often supported by language policies that promote the maintenance (care) and the use of the language in everyday lives
New Zealand is a good example of a country that has different kinds of language policies in place to support multilingualism, both by governments but also from community initiatives

44
Q

What do balanced bilingual and dominant bilingual mean?

A

Balanced bilingual: A person who is equally skilled in two languages in a range of topics
Dominant bilingual: Someone who is more fluent/confident/skilled in one language

45
Q

What is a bimodal bilingual?

A

Someone able to use one signed and one spoken language (balanced or dominant)

46
Q

What is important to language acquisition?

A

A rich language environment with exposure to good quality stimuli and meaningful conversation with others.

TRIN and Comp Anal (2 decks)

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