Comp 9: CNS & PNS

Question 1

Describe the organisation of the vertebrae and spinal cord.

Answer 1

• cervical (7)
• thoracic (12)
• lumbar (5)
• sacral (5)
• coccygeal (1)

Question 2

What are meninges in the spinal cord and what are the three different types of meninges?

Answer 2

• connective tissue surrounding the spinal cord

- pia mater, arachnoid mater, dura mater

Question 3

Describe the organisation of the motor and sensory roots in the spinal cord.

Answer 3

motor > travels through the ventral roots

sensory > travels through the dorsal roots

Question 4

What are the components of nerve coverings?

Answer 4

• endoneurium > surrounds each axon
• perineurium > surrounds a fascicle
• epineurium > surround several fascicles

Question 5

What are the main structures of the brain?

Answer 5

• forebrain: cerebrum, diencephalon
• midbrain: pons, medulla
• hindbrain: pons, medulla, cerebellum

Question 6

Components of the brainstem and their functions.

Answer 6

medulla: centre for autonomic reflexes
pons: sleep and respiratory centre
midbrain: integrate auditory, sensory and visual input
cerebellum: motor & locomotion control, posture & balance

Question 7

Diencephalon on the focus of both hypothalamus and thalamus.

Answer 7

hypothalamus: control endocrine system, muscle control and seep-wake cycle etc.
thalamus: sensory relay centre, influence mood and emotion

Question 8

Components of the cerebrum?

Answer 8

Precentral gyrus: primary somatic motor cortex

Postcentral gyrus: primary somatosensory cortex

• frontal lobe
• parietal lobe
• temporal lobe
• occipital lobe

Question 9

Where is the limbic system and what are the components?

Answer 9

under the cerebrum and covers both sides of the thalamus

• thalamus: relay information
• hypothalamus: homeostasis regulation
• amygdala: emotion
• hippocampus: memory conversion

Question 10

What are the ventricles of the brain?

Answer 10

• 2 lateral ventricles
• 3rd ventricle
• cerebral aqueduct
• 4th ventricle
  FUNCTION: to produce cerebrospinal fluid to protect and maintain the CNS

Question 11

What are the 12 cranial nerves and their roles?

Answer 11

• olfactory: smell
• optic: vision
• oculomotor: eye movement, pupils dilation
• trochlear: eye movement
• trigeminal: face sensation, chewing
• abducens: eye movement
• facial: face movement, tasting
• vestibulocochlear: hearing & balance
• glossopharyngeal: pharynx, swallowing and taste
• vagus: abdominal organ control, sensation and motor control
• accessories: neck movement
• hypoglossal: movement, sense and abdominal organ control