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Community Structure > Community Structure > Flashcards

Community Structure Flashcards

1
Q

what is a community?

A

A community us a group of interacting plants and animals living in a specific area.

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2
Q

what is a community’s physical structure defined by?

A

abiotic and biotic factors

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3
Q

what are some examples of abiotic factors?

A

sunlight, temperature, water depth and flow.

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4
Q

what are some examples of biotic factors?

A

spactial arrangement of organisms, size, and density.

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5
Q

what does vegetation do for a terrestrial community?

A

it defines the form and structure

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6
Q

what vegetation defines the form and structure of a terrestrial community?

A

tall or short
evergreen or deciduous
needle leaf or broad evergreen

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7
Q

how are terrestrial communities named and classified>

A

based on dominant plant growth form and physical structure. ex: forests, scrublands, or grassland communities.

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8
Q

what are vertical structures?

A

defined by dominant vegetation that affects the physical structure of the community and the microclimate conduits of temperature, moisture, and light.

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9
Q

canopy

A

(upper layer) primary site of energy accusation through photosynthesis.

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10
Q

how does the canopy affect the understory?

A

if the canopy is more open, more sunlight will reach the lower layers. If the canopy is more dense, understory and shrubs will be poorly developed.

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11
Q

what is the understory?

A

shrub layers that develop from water and nutrients

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12
Q

what is the herb layer?

A

below the understory, depends on soil moisture slope (exposure & poison), canopy, and understory density.

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13
Q

what is the forest layer?

A

layer where decomposition occurs and microbes feed on decaying organic material, releasing nutrients for resume by plants.

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14
Q

what makes up the vertical structures of aquatic communities?

A

the vertical structure or donation that changes seasonally with distinct temperatures and disco;ved oxygen profiles.

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15
Q

what is the epilimnion

A

upper layer of warm, less dense water.

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16
Q

what is the hypolimnion

A

lower layer of cold, more dense water.

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17
Q

what is the thermocline

A

prevents the layers from mixing.

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18
Q

what is stratification?

A

light penetration in aquatic environments.

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19
Q

how is stratification determined and influenced?

A

it is determined by physical characteristics of the water column, and influenced by gradients of oxygen, temperature, and light.

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20
Q

what is the photic layer?

A

light available to support photosynthesis

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21
Q

what is the aphotic layer?

A

insufficient light for photosynthesis

22
Q

what is the benthic layer?

A

the bottom of the layers of sediment with higher decomposition layers.

23
Q

what is an example of zonation?

A

base to the summit of Siskiyou Mountains at the California/oregon border. The dominant tree species changed, the species richness changes 17—> 9. lower yo mid-elevation. only 3 species at high levels. insects, birds, and small mammals change.

24
Q

when is defining zonation hard?

A

when the border seems gradual.

25
Q

what do communities of ecological units consist of?

A

assembles of many populations in the same area at the same time.

26
Q

how are many populations dependent on eachother?

A

they examine the communities and provide more insight than examines each individual population alone.

27
Q

what was F.E Clemon’s claim?

A

discrete unit:
“super organism” that functions of various species are connected like parts of the body.
organismic model- species interactions held the community together.

28
Q

what are the two parts to Clemon’s claim?

A

1) component species had evolved to enhance their interdependence functioning within a group.
2) communities were discrete entities with recognizable boundaries.

29
Q

What was H.A Gleason’s claim?

A

Loose assembles of species:
community was a major assemblage of species who’s adaptations and requirements enables them, top live together under the particular conditions of a particular habitat.
NOT DUE TO INTERACTIONS OR EVOLUTIONARY HISTORY

30
Q

what are the two parts of Gleason’s claim?

A

1) components species occurred largely by coincidence.
2) there weren’t any distinct boundaries among communities, it was continuum.

31
Q

what is an association?

A

any type of community with a relatively constant species composition.

32
Q

what are two key parts of association?

A

1) uniform general appearance.
2) distribution that is characteristic of a particular habitat.

33
Q

wherever the particulars habitat or set of environmental conditions repeats in a regional, the same group of species occurs. how did scientists react?

A

some felt this implies that there are processes responsible fort structuring communities producing an integrated unit. indirect evidence for (+) (-) interactions.

34
Q

what is the organismic concept of communities?

A

assumptions are like organisms, each species represents an integrated part of the whole.

35
Q

individualistic continuum model

A

species co-exiost primarily because of similes in needs and tolerances. (NOT DUE TO INTERACTIONS OR EVOLUTIONARY HISTORY)

36
Q

what was Clement’s Holistic view?

A

we only recognize each species role in terms of its contribution to the dynamics of the entire community.

37
Q

what was Gleason’s Individualist view?

A

community structure and function simply expresses the individual species interaction and doesn’t recognize or reflect any organization due to the species level.

38
Q

what is the intermediate level?

A

Ecologists believed that the individual that most interactions are antagonists and the holistic haphazard view that some attributes of communities are the same from interacting among species.

39
Q

what reinforces the intermediate level?

A

coevolutions ideas that we use several measures of the community.

40
Q

what is the holistic view of a closed community?

A

boundaries between ecotones are finite and distinct.

41
Q

Individualists view promotes an “open community”

A

-species distributed are independent.
-boundaries between them are diffuse or not well defined.

42
Q

how does the concept of closed communities predict discrete borders between communities?

A

when…
1) there is abrupt transition in the physical environments.
2) when one species dominates strongly so that there is an edge out of other species.

43
Q

what is an ecotone?

A

transition zone (boundary) between two adjacent ecological communities such as forests and grasslands.
-not seen as closed (species overlap)

44
Q

Why are transition zones expected when there are sharp discontinuations in the physical environment?

A

there is a transition zone between terrestrial and aquatic communities,
there is a boundary between soil types with contrasting properties.
plants maintain ecotones.

45
Q

what leads to the transition between broad-leaf and needle lead forests?

A

soil acidity and accumulation of undecaying lead litter.

46
Q

how would fire enhance boundaries between prairies and forest?

A

perennial grasses resist fire damages that kills the seedlings.
fires can not penetrate deeply into moister forest habitats.

47
Q

how can species influence an ecotone?

A

when one species dominates so strongly no other species can enter

48
Q

what is the continuum concept?

A
  • plants and animals replace one another continuously along environmental gradients.
  • species have different geographic ranges and this suggests independent evolutionary backgrounds as well as ecological relationships
  • few species have “broadly” overlapping ranges, the assemblage of species found in any particular place does not represent a closed community
49
Q

what is the continum concept for animals/plants?

A

plants and animals replace one another continuously along environmental gradients.

50
Q

what is the continum concept for ecological relationships?

A

species have different geographic ranges and this suggests independent evolutionary backgrounds as well as ecological relationships

51
Q

what is the continum concept for closed communities?

A

few species have “broadly” overlapping ranges, the assemblage of species found in any particular place does not represent a closed community

Community Structure (13 decks)

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