Community pediatrics Flashcards
MOH
duties of an MOH
- Conduct polyclinics - antenatal, postnatal, child welfare
- School medical inspection
- Supervise immunization
- Health education
MOH
Staff under MOH
- PHNS - Supervising PHM, PHM
- Supervising PHI - PHI
- Non health staff
MOH
Rough population under MOH
60,000 population
MOH
Number of MOH in SL
328
MOH
Rough population under PHI
10,000
MOH
One MOH area needs…. PHIs
6
MOH
Public health midwife (PHM) covers
3500- 5000 population
Antenatal care
antenatal care is conducted by
- MO
- Registered or assistant MOs
- Nursing officers
- Public health midwives
Antenatal clinic
registration methods
- walk-in registration
- informing PHM
Antenatal clinic
Booking visit consists of
- detailed Hx
- Examination
- Ix-FBC/ HB, Blood grouping, Rh typing
- VDRL
- HIV
- Urine for sugar and protein
- OGTT (28 weeks)
Mx - Referred to hospital for shared care
- Folic acid 1mg daily
- Thriposha 2 packets/ daily
PMH
total no. of routine home visits
9 routine visits
Low risk PG mothers should attend the clinic on
- 6-8 weeks
- 12-14 weeks
- 18-20 weeks
- 22-24 weeks
- 26-28 weeks
- 32-34 weeks
- 36 weeks
- 38 weeks
- 40 weeks
Activities of an antenatal clinic
- Hx
- Examination- weight, Pallor, edema, BP, Abd ex, Auscultate FHS, mental health
- Ix- OGTT, Hb, Urine for protein and sugar
- Supplements given
supplements given in the antenatal clinic
- folic acid 1mg daily from day 1
- Calcium lactate 300mg mane (from 12 weeks onwards)
- ferrous sulphate 200mg nocte (12 weeks onwards)
- Vit C 100mg daily (12 weeks onwards)
- tetanus toxoid
Where is USS done in PG
done in hospitals. not available in MOH
Antenatal classes
3 classes. 1 per Trimester. couples participate together
The antenatal classes
- Nutrition
- post partum contraception
- delivery and breast feeding
No of home visits done by a midwife during a PG
3 in low risk PG ( one per trimester)
Post partum home visits after NVD
4 home visits
1. 1st week
2. 2nd week
3. 3rd week
4. 6th week
No of home visits for a home delivery
3 within the first 10 days after a delivery
When should the PMH refer every mother to a postpartum clinic
4-6 weeks after delivery
micronutrients issued in the postpartum clinic
Folic acid 1mg mane
Ca lactate 300mg
FeSO4 200mg nocte
Vit C 100mg nocte
Postpartum clinic
when is post partum depression screening done
at home visit and PNC at 1 month
Postpartum clinic
conditions that needed to be reported by the PMH
- Low birth weight
- Antenatal and postnatal morbidities
Postpartum clinic
Family planning advices are given in
Postpartum clinic
Child welfare clinic
Who attends
PHM
PHNS
Child welfare clinic
Goals of Child welfare clinic
- Growth
- Development
- breast feeding/ nutrition
- immunization
- create awareness among parents
Child welfare clinic
frequency
10 visits between 0-5 years
How often is a school medical inspection held
annually
Grades the SMI is included if the total number of students were <200
done in all grades
Grades the SMI is included if the total number of students were >200
Grades 1, 4, 7, 10
Types of schools covered by the SMI
all government schools and requested private schools
SMI is conducted by
- MOH - hospital, GPs, well- wishers
- MOMCH (Medical officer maternal and child health)
SMI is organized by
PHI
What happens in an SMI
- Complete assessment of health
- Micronutrient supplementation according to WIFS
- Referrals to clinics
- Annual sanitary survery
- Suwanari clinic for teachers
- Awareness programs/ lectures
- Monitor the implementation of dental programs, mosquito control, supervision of school canteen
- Immunization
Referral form used in SMI
Referral card H606
children who are referred in SMI is supposed to attend clinics on
- secondary clinics
- tertiary clinics
- saturday clinics
- evening clinics
Annual sanitary survery is conducted by
the PHI
Vaccine given at one year if not given before
DT/OPV
Vaccine given at 7 years
aTD
Vaccine given at grade 8
MMR- if a rubella containing vaccine is not given before
CHDR
parts of the educational component
- Home visits by PHM
- Exclusive breast feeding
- Complimentary feeding
- weight assessment
- length/ height assessment
- love and care for baby
- family planning
CHDR
the neonatal examination details are filled by the
doctor
CHDR
Immunization details
- vaccine given
- date of administration
- batch number
- AEFI (ADRs to immunization)
- BCG Scar
CHDR
Vitamin A dose for the mother and the baby
- mother - 200,000 IU
- 6 month to 5y/o- 100,000 IU
CHDR
frequency of worm Rx for 18 month to 5 year old child
every 6 monthly
CHDR
hearing and vision assessment is done by
parents upto 1 year
CHDR
Developmental milestones are assessed from
6 weeks to 5 years
CHDR
developmental milestones are assessed by
initially by parents later by PHM
CHDR
child health record is done by
the medical officer of health
CHDR
child health record includes
- assessment of eyes and vision
- hearing
- growth
- development
- CVS assessment
- Hip joint
- Congenital deformities
- Any other disease condition
CHDR
the dental hygiene covers
6 months to 18 months
CHDR
Preschool medical examination is done by
the MOH at 3 years of age
CHDR
weight assessment
- 0-2 years- monthly
- 2-5 years- every 3 monthly
CHDR
weight scales used
1. 0-1 years
2. 1-2 years
3. >2 years
- seca scale
- salter scale
- weighing scale
CHDR
height assessment is done on
- at 4 months
- 9 months
- 12 months
- 1-5 years- 6 monthly
CHDR
BMI is calculated at
> 2 year old children
CHDR
referrals and hospital admissions are included. (T/F)
T
CHDR
Educational components pages are
yellow colour
CHDR
important growth charts
- weight for age
- height for age
- weight for height
- BMI charts
- Head circumference chart
Immunization programme
Immunization programme is done according to
EPI ( expanded program for immunization)
Immunization programme
How many vaccines are given in the first year of life
five
Immunization programme
time durations the vaccines are given during the first year of life
- during 0-4 weeks
- on completion of 2 months
- on completion of 4 months
- on completion of 6 months
- on completion of 9 months
Immunization programme
vaccines given during the first year of life
- 0-4 weeks BCG
- 2 months OPV and pentavalent (DTP-HepB-Hib) (1st dose) flPV (Fractional IPV) (1st dose)
- 4 months OPV and pentavalent (DTP-HepB-Hib) (2nd dose) flPV (Fractional IPV) (2nd dose)
- 6 months OPV and Pentavalent (DTP- HepB- Hib) (3rd dose)
- 9 months MMR (1st dose)
Immunization programme
ideal time to give the BCG vaccine
within 24 hours of life before leaving the hospital
Immunization programme
If the BCG scar doesn’t appear whats the next step
if it doesn’t appear by six months can repeat the vaccine after six months upto 5 years
Immunization programme
Why is the repeat BCG vaccine not done after five years
BCG vaccine offers protection upto five years
Immunization programme
MMR doses are given on
- on completion of 9 months
- on completion of 3 years
Immunization programme
how many vaccines are given during the second year of life
two vaccines
Immunization programme
vaccines given during the second year of life
- on completion of 12 months - live JE
- on completion of 18 months - OPV and DTP (4th dose)
Immunization programme
vaccine given during completion of 5 years
OPV and DT (5th dose)
Immunization programme
the vaccines given during completion of 10 years
- HPV (1st dose)
- HPV (2nd dose)
Immunization programme
time gap between the HPV vaccines
6 months
Immunization programme
generally HPV vaccine is given in grade
10
Immunization programme
vaccine given during grade 7
aTd (adult tetanus diptheria)
Immunization programme
collectively how many tetanus diptheria vaccines are given under EPI
six doses
Immunization programme
another MMR is given during
15- 44 years of females in the child bearing age
breast feeding is indicated to start within
30 minutes to 1 hour
Breastfeeding
colostrum comes upto
48 hours
Breastfeeding
exclusive breastfeeding
until 6 months
Breastfeeding
Breastfeeding is continued upto
2 years
Breastfeeding
who trains the post-natal clinic on skills to train mothers on proper breastfeeding
Public health midwife
Breastfeeding
First step to successful breastfeeding
Hospital policies- hospitals support mothers to breastfeed by
1. not promoting infant formula, bottles, teats
2. making breastfeeding care standard practice
3. keeping track of support for breastfeeding
steps to successful breastfeeding
Second step to successful breastfeeding
Staff competency- hospitals support mothers to breastfeed by
1. training staff on supporting mothers to breastfeed
2. assessing health workers’ knowledge and skills
steps to successful breastfeeding
Third step to successful breastfeeding
Antenatal care- hospitals support mothers to breastfeed by
1. discussing the importance of breastfeeding for babies and mothers
2. preparing women in how to feed their baby
steps to successful breastfeeding
Fourth step to successful breastfeeding
Care right after birth- hospitals support mothers to breastfeed by
1. encouraging skin- to skin contact between mother and baby soon after birth
2. helping mothers to put their baby to the breast right away
steps to successful breastfeeding
Fifth step to successful breastfeeding
Support mothers with breastfeeding
1. checking positioning, attachment and suckling
2. giving practical breastfeeding support
3. helping mothers with common breastfeeding problems
steps to successful breastfeeding
Sixth step to successful breastfeeding
Supplementing
1. Giving only breast milk unless there are medical reasons
2. prioritizing donor human milk when a supplement is needed
3. helping mothers who want to formula feed to do so safely
steps to successful breastfeeding
Seventh step to successful breastfeeding
Rooming-in
1. letting mothers and babies stay together day and night
2. making sure that mothers of sick babies can stay near their baby
steps to successful breastfeeding
Eighth step to successful breastfeeding
Responsive feeding
1. Helping mothers know when their baby is hungry
2. not limiting breastfeeding times
steps to successful breastfeeding
Ninth step to successful breastfeeding
Bottles, teats, pacifiers
1. counsel mothers on the use and risk of feeding bottles, teats and pacifiers
steps to successful breastfeeding
Last step to successful breastfeeding
Discharge
1. referring mothers to community resources for breastfeeding support
2. working with communities to improve breastfeeding support services
Breastfeeding
proper positioning of breastfeeding
- head is supported
- one hand in the child
- other hand in the breast un C shape meneuver
breastfeeding
proper attachment of baby on mother’s breast
- baby’s mouth wide open
- lower lip turned outwards
- baby’s chin touches mother’s breast
- majority of areolar inside baby’s mouth
Breastmilk, cow’s milk, infant formula
Protein content is high in
cow’s milk
Breastmilk, cow’s milk, infant formula
Whey is high in
breastmilk
Breastmilk, cow’s milk, infant formula
Fat is lowest in
breast milk
Breastmilk, cow’s milk, infant formula
Sodium, calcium, phosphorus is high in
cow’s milk
Breastmilk, cow’s milk, infant formula
iron content is high in
formula
Breastfeeding
Advantages for the infant
- provides ideal nutrition for infants during 4-6 months of life
- life saving in developing countries
- reduce the risk of GI infections, and necrotising enterocolitis in pre-term infants
- enhance the mother- child relationship
- reduce the risk of insulin- dependant diabetes, HTN, obesity
Breastfeeding
advantages for the mother
- promotes close attachment between mother and baby
- increase the time interval between children, which is important to reduce the birth rate in developing countries
- helps with a possible reduction in premenopausal breast cancer
Breastfeeding
Disadvantages of breast feeding
- Unknown intake
- transmission of infections- maternal CMV, Hep B, HIV
- breast milk jaundice- mild, self-limitng
- transmission of drugs- antimetabolites
- nutrient inadequencies- only breast milk after 6 months can lead to poor weight gain and rickets
- Vit K deficiency- may cause hemorrhagic disease of the newborn
- potential transmission of environmental contaminants - nicotine, alcohol, caffeine
- less flexible- difficult in public places, other family members cannot help
- emotional upset
Breastfeeding
Does the mother being anemic affect breast milk flow
no unless the mother is severely anemic
Breastfeeding
does LSCS affect breast milk production
no unless adequate analgesia is given
Breastfeeding
composition may vary depending on whether the baby was pre-term or term, also from mother to mother
yes
weaning?
introduction of other food in addition to breast milk
weaning
why is it necessary to introduce one food at a time
to detect if any allergy occurs
WEANING
what types of food and amount of food needs to be introduced
energy dense and extra protein rich food
frequent small feeds
mashed and soft
variety of food
weaning
why is it necessary to give variety of food
to keep the child wanting to eat more, rather than the same food
Nutritional assessment
anthropometry
- weight
- height
- Mid- arm circumference
- skin- fold thickness
Malnutrition
Kwashiorkor
children with protein deficient diets
Kwashiorkor
common age of presentation
6 months to 3 years
Kwashiorkor
clinical manifestations
- preserved subcutaneous fat
- edema
- enlarged fatty liver
- ribs are not very prominent
- lethargic
- muscle wasting mild or absent
- poor appetite
- poor wound healing
- ascites
- xerosis and itchy rash
malnutrition
energy preserved but protein is low in
Kwashiorkor
malnutrition
energy and protein are both low in
marasmus
Kwashiorkor
fatty liver?
carrier protein to carry fat from the liver is absent
Kwashiorkor
Refeeding syndrome Sx
- Vomiting
- Diarrhea
- Vitamin deficiency- exhausted from trying to digest food
- electrolyte imbalance
- Phosphate disorders
Kwashiorkor
refeeding Xd mechanism
if a child with Kwashiorkor is fed with a high protein diet, they will be digested to Amino acids and then to ammonia. The body doesn’t have NH3 detoxifying enzymes. so NH3 accumulate and leads to encephalopathy
Kwashiorkor
Mx
- NG tube feeding
- start with a low calorie, low protein diet
- gradually increase
Marasmus
clinical manifestations
- subcutaneous fat is not preserved
- no edema
- no fatty liver
- prominent ribs
- alert and irritable
- severe muscle wasting
- voracious feeder
Marasmus
Mx
diet with adequate protein, carbs and fats
estimated body weight calculation
(Age+4) x 2
chronic malnutrition
weight and height both reduced
acute malnutrition
weight reduced
height normal for age
complications of reduced weight
- hypoglycemia
- dehydrated
- hypothermia
- sodium, potassium imbalance
Severe acute malnutrition
weight for height <-3SD
Moderate acute malnutrition
weight for height between -2SD and -3SD
Mild acute malnutrition
weight for height between -1SD to -2SD
protein malnutrition can be detected by
reduced mid- arm circumference for age and sex
fat malnutrition can be detected by
reduced skin fold thickness for age and sex
typical age of onset for malnutrition
6 months when breast feeding is weaned off
complications of SAM
- hypoglycemia
- electrolyte imbalance
- dehydration
- hypothermia
- infections
- loss of protein
- iron deficiency anemia
- vitamin deficiency
- heart failure
- hypothyroidism