Community Dent Flashcards
1
Q
Measure of central tendency that fluctuates least from sample to sample
A
Mean
2
Q
Mean or Arythmetic average
A
Most common
Sensitive to extreme scores
3
Q
Insensitive to extreme scores
A
Median
4
Q
Most frequent occruring value
Ease if computation
Quick indicator of central value in distribution
A
Mode
5
Q
How far one value is from another
A
Measures of dispersion or variation
6
Q
Easy to calculate and unstable
A
Range
7
Q
How far the data is clustered around the mean
Possible zero variance
A
Coefficient of variation
8
Q
Tells you how spread out the numbera are in a sample
A
Standard deviation
9
Q
Census
A
Every 10 years
10
Q
Non probability sampling
A
Quota Purposive Snowball or Chain referred Convenience Judgment
11
Q
General composition is decided in advanced and includes a particular segment of population
A
Quota
12
Q
A researcher has a specific group in mind
A
Purposive
13
Q
Asking participants to suggest someone for study
Hard to track
A
Snowball
14
Q
Taking what you can get
A
Convenience
15
Q
Selection is based on the judgment of researcher
A
Judgment
16
Q
When population is
Small
Homogenous
Readily available
A
Simple random
17
Q
When population is
Large
Homogenous
Scattered
A
Systematic
18
Q
Less cost, less laborious, more purposeful
TB test, covid test
A
Multiphase sampling
19
Q
Employed in large countries
Country-wide survey
A
Multistage sampling
20
Q
The information is divided into definite qualitative basis
A
Nominal
21
Q
Rank order relation
A
Ordinal
22
Q
Father of health statistics
A
John Graunt
23
Q
Single data
A
Bar diagram
24
Q
Plots different types of data
Quantitative data of continuous type
A
Histogram
25
Compares two or more frequency distribution
Frequency polygon
26
Used to show percentage
Pie diagram
27
Shows geographic distributions
Cartograms/ spot map
28
Popular method of presenting data to *man in street*
Pictogram
29
Used to get certain hypothesis
Test of significance
30
Parametric test
Used for quantitative data
| Data with magnitude
31
Nonparametric tests
Used for qualitative data
| Descriptions/characteristics
32
Parametric test
```
Chi square
Student T
Z
Pearson correlation
F (ANOVA)
```
33
Goal of chi square
Test the association between two events
| Cause and effect
34
3 most important applications
Test of
Proportion
Association
Goodness of fit
35
Student T
Grosset in 1908
| Determine if the means of two sets of data are significantly different from each other
36
Unpaired T
Independent samples t-test used when two separate sets of independent and identically distributed samples are obtained
100 and 50
37
Paired T
Use a paired T test when you have same population tested two times on different occasions
100 and 100
38
Preferred for more than one comparison
| Compares different groups with the variation within a group
ANOVA
39
Test indicated when various experimental groups differ in terms of only one factor at a time
Height
One way ANOVA test
40
It is indicated when various experimental group differs in terms of two factors
Height and weight
Two way or multifactorial ANOVA
41
The same people are sampled on two different occasions
Paired T
42
To find the association between 2 variables
CST
43
When one study group is sampled on 3 or more occasions
When two or more groups are studied in one or 2 factors
Anova
44
When multiple groups are studied in terms of only one factor
One way anova
45
Test used to examine differences between frequencies in sample
CST
46
When a test uses nominal data only and has more than 25 subjects
CST
47
When a test uses nominal data only and has fewer than 25 subjects
Fischer's exact probability
48
The process by which we select controls in such a way that they are similar to case with regard to ceratin pertinent selected variables are known to influence the outcome
Matching
49
Disadvantage of matching
Tendency of overmatching
50
Cases are divided into subtypes or groups based on their characteristics
Age
Occupation
Group matching
| Frequency matching
51
Individual
One on one
Pair matching
For each case a control is chosen
50 year old with disease
50 year old without disease
52
Original data that has been compiled for a specific purpose tagt has not been collated
Primary data
53
Primary data collected by
Observation
Interview
Questionnaire
Schedules
54
Reused for another source
| Data collected by someone else
Secondary data
55
Secondary data
Reliable
Sutaible
Adequate
56
Epidemiology is a branch of medical science which treats epidemics
Parkin
57
Epidemiology is the science of mass phenomena of infectious disease
Frost
58
Epidemiology is the study of the distribution and determinants of health related states in specified population and the application of this study to control health problems
John Last
59
Cluster of cases occuring a brief time of interval
| Onset of an epidemic
Outbreak
60
Disease that is already presented in the populatiom of a particular area
Endemic
61
Spreads in a country suddenly
Clearly in excess of normal expectations
Temporary prevalence of a disease
Epidemic
62
Endemic disease in animals
Endozootic
63
Epidemic disease in animals
Epizootic
64
Disease imported into the country
Exotic
65
Type of epidemic disease that spreads person to person contact and evolves more slowly
Prosodentic
66
Generates hypothesis on risk and cause of disease
Descriptive
67
Test the hypothesis by assessing the determinants
Analytical
68
Proportion of population with a problem
Prevalence
69
Rate of new problem during a period of time
Incidence
| Cumulative incidence
70
Fundamental principles of public health
Prevention
Ethics
Teamwork
Cost efficiency
71
CPITN
WHO nad FDI
1982
Pocket depth
Subgingival calculus
Bleeding
72
Russel's perio index
Gingivitis
Loss of epithelial attachments
Alveolar bone loss
73
PHP index
Podshadley and Haley
Assess before and after oral hygiene
Labial of incisors
Buccal of molars
74
Gingival index
Loe and Sillness
75
DEF/DMF
Henry Klein
E.Palmer
Knutson
Most common for dental caries index
All 28 permanent
76
def
Grubbel
| Children 5-6 years
77
OHIS
Green and Vermillion
| Plaque and calculus on 6 surfaces and 6 teeth
78
Fluoride
Churchill in 1931
| 8 to 16 mg/kg
79
Management for acute chloride toxicity
Milk
Induce vomiting >5mg
10% calc. gluconate if >15mg
80
Added to drinking water
Hydrofluorosolicic acid
81
Lethal dose of fluoride
32.63 mg/kg
```
2.5 to 5 grams (child)
8 grams (adult)
```
82
Tools that allow orderly collection and arranged of data with defined criteria
Index
83
Dr. Frederick Mckay
Mottled enamel
| Colorado brown stain
84
Dr. H. Trendley Dean
Relationship of fluoride and water
85
Anticaries effect of fluoride
Increased enamel resistance
Remineralization of incipient lesions
Antibacterial action
Altering morphology of teeth
86
Fluoride requirement
Below 2: 0.25mg
2 to 3: 0.5mg
3 to 13: 1mg
More than 3 not needed
87
0.7 to 1.2ppm
Prevents dental caries
88
1.5 to 3 ppm
Dental fluorosis
89
3 to 8ppm
Severe dental fluorosis
| Mild skeletal fluorosis
90
8 or more
Severe dental and skeletal fluorosis
91
Fluoride toothpaste
Sodium fluoride = sodium monophosphate
| Stannous fluoride
92
Fluoride by dentist
8% stannous fluoride
5% sodium varnish
1.23% APF
93
Fluoride excreted in
Urine
94
Antibacterial action of fluoride
Enolase
| Phosphoglucomutase
95
Fluoride in resto
Resin bonded sealants
GI
Compomers
96
Varnish
Schimdt in Europe
97
Rationale of cavity varnish
Ability of fluoride to adhere to enamel for long periods
98
ART
| WHO 1994
Hand instrument plus GI
99
Commonly used varnish
Duraphat
Fluor Protector
Durafluor
Cavity shield
100
First fluoride varnish
Duraphat
| 22,600ppm fluoride
101
Fluoride concentration 7000ppm or 0.70%
Fluor protector
102
Durafluor
22.6 mg/fl
103
Cavity shield
5% NaF
104
Organization of member agents that have a system of social relationships
Society
105
8% in topical fluoride
Stannous fluoride
106
Limited study
Pilot study
107
A group of members living together in such a way that the members have basic conditions of common life
Community
108
Is synonymous to universe
Population
109
Vertical axis
Ordinate
110
Horizontal axis
Abscissa
111
Sample will be taken
Sampling population
112
Group of people united for a specific purpose
Association
113
Measure of dispersion
Range
114
General term used to refer to a measure of occurence of certain disease
Rate
115
Obtained by survey
Baseline data
116
Data in its original form
Raw data
117
Primary unit in society
Family
118
Accumulation of learned behaviors, beliefs and skills of mannkind as a whole
Culture
119
Made of heterogenous inhabitants
Population group
120
In health education, is the most effective and cheapest
Spoken words
121
Number of cases which falls within a given range of measurable scale
Distribution
122
Number of times a certain data would occur
| Number of cases that fall at one point or range on a scale
Frequency
123
Found in toothpaste and mouthwash
| 2% in topical
Sodium fluoride
124
Topical fluoride
Applied in 3, 7, 10 and 13 years old
125
New behavior learned initially through observing and imitating a model
Social learning
126
Diet counseling
Professional effort
127
Dental disease prevention
Community effort
128
Decision about a course of action
Planning
129
Important index in level of health in community
IMR
