community and public health concepts

Question 1

they had a short life span
their primary problem was finding enough food to eat
they lived and travelled in small groups and hunted and foraged for food

Answer 1

Hunter - gatherers

Question 2

there was more opportunity for transmission of diseases

garbage waste accumulated, and rodents and insect vectors were attracted to human settlements, providing source of disease

domesticated animals provided not only food and labor, they also carried diseases that could be transmitted to humans

Answer 2

The agricultural revolution

Question 3

an early attempt to think about diseases, not as punishment from the gods, but as an imbalance of man with the environment

opened up the possibility of intervening to prevent disease or treat it

Answer 3

The Hippocratic Corpus

Question 4

Bubonic plague (1347-1700s) aka?

Answer 4

black death

Question 5

Bubonic plague
Cause by:
Vectors:
Reservoir:
Signs and symptoms:

Answer 5

Yersinia pestis
fleas
rats
dark, tender, swollen nodules (buboes)

Question 6

This theory believed that bubonic plague is acquired from the mist from swamps

Answer 6

Miasmas theory

Question 7

believed acquisition for bubonic plague

Answer 7

miasmas theory
person to person contact
too much sun exposure
intentional poisoning

Question 8

italian word for quarantine

Answer 8

quarantena - 40 day period

Question 9

travelers and merchandise that had potentially been exposed were isolated for a period of time to ensure that that they were not infeted

Answer 9

quarantine and isolation

Question 10

seperation of an individual who has possibly been exposed to disease

Answer 10

quarantine

Question 11

separation of a person who has the disease

Answer 11

isolation

Question 12

First to construct a “life table” in order to address the issue of survival from the time of birth

Focused on death rate

observations regarding common causes of death, higher death rates in men, seasonal variation in death rates, and the fact that some diseases had relatively constant death rates, while others varied considerably

Answer 12

John Graunt - The bills of mortality (1662)

Question 13

Father of microscopy
Invented Microscope
First to see bacteria, yeast, protozoa, sperm cells, and RBC’s

Answer 13

Anton Van Leeuwenhoek

Question 14

he proposed a number of measures aimed at improving the health of soldiers including improvements in hospital ventilation and camp sanitation, proper drainage, adequate latrines, and the avoidance of marshes

Answer 14

John Pringle (1740’s)

Question 15

He wrote expensively on the importance of hygiene to prevent ____ or ____

Answer 15

John Pringle
typhus or jail fever

Question 16

He coined influenza

Answer 16

John Pringle

Question 17

Disease that is related to the deficiency in vitamin C that results in weak Connective tissues and abnormally fragile capillaries that causes bleeding and results to anemia and/or emeda

Answer 17

Scurvy

Question 18

Hs suspected that citrus fruits could prevent scurvy based on some anecdotal observations

Answer 18

James Lind (1754)

Question 19

Disease that is a huge problem in sailors several centuries ago, because of the chronic lack of fresh fruits(lack of citrus fruits) and vegerables during long sea voyages

Answer 19

Scurvy

Question 20

He was a prominent parisian physician and a strong proponent of bloodletting with leeches

He uses bloodlettingt treat many diseases, including cholera

Answer 20

Francois Broussais (1832)

Question 21

He was a contemporary Broussais who believed in using numerical method to evaluate treatment

Studied bloodletting and found it ineffective

Answer 21

Pierre Louis (1832)

Question 22

Hungarian physician who practiced in maternity department in vienna general hospital

Answer 22

Ignas Semmelweis

Question 23

He required all attendants to wash hands with chlorinated water to control the spread of infection

Answer 23

Ignas Semmelweis

Question 24

Was occurrence and was invariably fatal

Answer 24

Postpartium sepsis (puerperal fever)

Question 25

He advocated for medical reforms and was a strong proponent of the idea that doctors and nurses could carry puerperal fever from patient to patient

Answer 25

Oliver Wendell Holmes Sr.

Question 26

He presented a paper entitled “The contagiousness of puerperal fever” at the boston society for medical improvement

Answer 26

Oliver Wendell Holmes Sr.

Question 27

Father of epidemiology

Answer 27

John Snow

Question 28

He proposed a new hypothesis for how cholera was transmitted

He tested this hypothesis systematically by making comparisons between groups of people

Answer 28

John Snow

Question 29

He provided evidence for an association between drinking from the Broad St. well and getting cholera

He argued fon an intervention which prevented additional cases (removal of the pump handle)

Answer 29

John Snow

Question 30

In 1842, he published a report entitled “report into the sanitary conditions of the labouring population of great britain”, proving that life expectancy was much lower in towns than in country side

Answer 30

Edwin Chadwick

Question 31

He was instrumental in creating a central public health administration that paved the way for drainage, sewers, garbage disposal, regulation of housing, and regulations regarding nuisances and offensive trades

Answer 31

Edwin Chadwick

Question 32

He studied fermentation in wine and beer

Invented and established Pasteurization

Discovered microorganisms (aerobes and anaerobes)

Pioneered the idea of artificially generating weakened microorganism as vaccines (introduced vaccine)

Answer 32

Louis Pasteur

Question 33

According to him, public health is the science and art of preventing disease, prolonging life, and promoting physical health and efficiency through organized community efforts

Answer 33

Charles Edward Winslow (1920)

Question 34

Defines a group of people who lives in the same area

Answer 34

Community Health

Question 35

environmental, social, and economic resources to sustain emotional and physical well being among people in ways that advance their aspirations and satisfy their needs in their unique environment

Answer 35

WHO
Community Health

Question 36

Concerned with threats to health based on population health analysis

Incorporates the interdisciplinary approaches of epidemiology

Answer 36

Public health

Question 37

Concerned with the study and improvement of the health characteristics of different communities

focuses on geographical areas

includes primary, secondary, and tertiary health care

Answer 37

Community Health

Question 38

Categories of Community health

Answer 38

Primary healthcare and primary prevention
Secondary healthcare and secondary prevention
Tertiary healthcare

Question 39

early avoidance and identification of risk factors that may lead to certain diseases and disabilities

immunizations, classroom teaching, awareness campaigns

Answer 39

Primary healthcare

Question 40

Improvements made in a patients lifestyle or environment after the onset of diseases or disability

Answer 40

secondary health care

Question 41

patients need to be referred to specialist and undergo advanced medical treatment

Answer 41

tertiary healthcare

Question 42

covers a series of activities at the community level aimed at bringing about desired improvement in the social well-being of individuals, groups, and neighborhoods

community work, community development, community mobilization

Answer 42

Community organization

Question 43

Number of individuals within a population who have a particular diasease at a given time

Answer 43

DISEASE PREVALENCE

Question 44

Number of new cases of a particular disease within a population in a given time period

Answer 44

Disease incidence

Question 45

This disease was known to be as the jail fever because it was the common malady among soldiers and prisoners in jails.

Answer 45

typhus