community and public health concepts Flashcards
they had a short life span
their primary problem was finding enough food to eat
they lived and travelled in small groups and hunted and foraged for food
Hunter - gatherers
there was more opportunity for transmission of diseases
garbage waste accumulated, and rodents and insect vectors were attracted to human settlements, providing source of disease
domesticated animals provided not only food and labor, they also carried diseases that could be transmitted to humans
The agricultural revolution
an early attempt to think about diseases, not as punishment from the gods, but as an imbalance of man with the environment
opened up the possibility of intervening to prevent disease or treat it
The Hippocratic Corpus
Bubonic plague (1347-1700s) aka?
black death
Bubonic plague
Cause by:
Vectors:
Reservoir:
Signs and symptoms:
Yersinia pestis
fleas
rats
dark, tender, swollen nodules (buboes)
This theory believed that bubonic plague is acquired from the mist from swamps
Miasmas theory
believed acquisition for bubonic plague
miasmas theory
person to person contact
too much sun exposure
intentional poisoning
italian word for quarantine
quarantena - 40 day period
travelers and merchandise that had potentially been exposed were isolated for a period of time to ensure that that they were not infeted
quarantine and isolation
seperation of an individual who has possibly been exposed to disease
quarantine
separation of a person who has the disease
isolation
First to construct a “life table” in order to address the issue of survival from the time of birth
Focused on death rate
observations regarding common causes of death, higher death rates in men, seasonal variation in death rates, and the fact that some diseases had relatively constant death rates, while others varied considerably
John Graunt - The bills of mortality (1662)
Father of microscopy
Invented Microscope
First to see bacteria, yeast, protozoa, sperm cells, and RBC’s
Anton Van Leeuwenhoek
he proposed a number of measures aimed at improving the health of soldiers including improvements in hospital ventilation and camp sanitation, proper drainage, adequate latrines, and the avoidance of marshes
John Pringle (1740’s)
He wrote expensively on the importance of hygiene to prevent ____ or ____
John Pringle
typhus or jail fever
He coined influenza
John Pringle
Disease that is related to the deficiency in vitamin C that results in weak Connective tissues and abnormally fragile capillaries that causes bleeding and results to anemia and/or emeda
Scurvy
Hs suspected that citrus fruits could prevent scurvy based on some anecdotal observations
James Lind (1754)
Disease that is a huge problem in sailors several centuries ago, because of the chronic lack of fresh fruits(lack of citrus fruits) and vegerables during long sea voyages
Scurvy
He was a prominent parisian physician and a strong proponent of bloodletting with leeches
He uses bloodlettingt treat many diseases, including cholera
Francois Broussais (1832)
He was a contemporary Broussais who believed in using numerical method to evaluate treatment
Studied bloodletting and found it ineffective
Pierre Louis (1832)
Hungarian physician who practiced in maternity department in vienna general hospital
Ignas Semmelweis
He required all attendants to wash hands with chlorinated water to control the spread of infection
Ignas Semmelweis
Was occurrence and was invariably fatal
Postpartium sepsis (puerperal fever)
He advocated for medical reforms and was a strong proponent of the idea that doctors and nurses could carry puerperal fever from patient to patient
Oliver Wendell Holmes Sr.
He presented a paper entitled “The contagiousness of puerperal fever” at the boston society for medical improvement
Oliver Wendell Holmes Sr.
Father of epidemiology
John Snow
He proposed a new hypothesis for how cholera was transmitted
He tested this hypothesis systematically by making comparisons between groups of people
John Snow
He provided evidence for an association between drinking from the Broad St. well and getting cholera
He argued fon an intervention which prevented additional cases (removal of the pump handle)
John Snow
In 1842, he published a report entitled “report into the sanitary conditions of the labouring population of great britain”, proving that life expectancy was much lower in towns than in country side
Edwin Chadwick
He was instrumental in creating a central public health administration that paved the way for drainage, sewers, garbage disposal, regulation of housing, and regulations regarding nuisances and offensive trades
Edwin Chadwick
He studied fermentation in wine and beer
Invented and established Pasteurization
Discovered microorganisms (aerobes and anaerobes)
Pioneered the idea of artificially generating weakened microorganism as vaccines (introduced vaccine)
Louis Pasteur
According to him, public health is the science and art of preventing disease, prolonging life, and promoting physical health and efficiency through organized community efforts
Charles Edward Winslow (1920)
Defines a group of people who lives in the same area
Community Health
environmental, social, and economic resources to sustain emotional and physical well being among people in ways that advance their aspirations and satisfy their needs in their unique environment
WHO
Community Health
Concerned with threats to health based on population health analysis
Incorporates the interdisciplinary approaches of epidemiology
Public health
Concerned with the study and improvement of the health characteristics of different communities
focuses on geographical areas
includes primary, secondary, and tertiary health care
Community Health
Categories of Community health
Primary healthcare and primary prevention
Secondary healthcare and secondary prevention
Tertiary healthcare
early avoidance and identification of risk factors that may lead to certain diseases and disabilities
immunizations, classroom teaching, awareness campaigns
Primary healthcare
Improvements made in a patients lifestyle or environment after the onset of diseases or disability
secondary health care
patients need to be referred to specialist and undergo advanced medical treatment
tertiary healthcare
covers a series of activities at the community level aimed at bringing about desired improvement in the social well-being of individuals, groups, and neighborhoods
community work, community development, community mobilization
Community organization
Number of individuals within a population who have a particular diasease at a given time
DISEASE PREVALENCE
Number of new cases of a particular disease within a population in a given time period
Disease incidence
This disease was known to be as the jail fever because it was the common malady among soldiers and prisoners in jails.
typhus
