Community Flashcards
3 Types of prevention
1) Primary: Delay onset of disease, reverse its progress or arrest it
Ex: Prophy, fluoride, sealants
2) Secondary: Routine tx to terminate the disease process or restore tissues to as normal as possible
Ex: Restorations
Tertiary: Replacement of lost tissues through rehab
Ex: Implants, crowns, dentures
Optimal level of fluoride in water
0.7ppm
Five dimensional health model
PIE… So Scrumptious
1) Physical
2) Intellectual/knowledge
3) Emotional
4) Social
5) Spiritual
Maslow hierarchy of needs
Physiological, safety, love and belonging, self esteem, self actualization
Learning Latter
Unicorns Are So Incredible And Happy
Unawareness
Awareness
Self Interest
Involvement
Action
Habit
ADPIED
Assessment, diagnosis, planning, implementation, evaluation, documentation
Goal Vs objective
Goal: Broad statement about the expected outcome
Objective: Specific and observable actions
The goal for your program is set first, then you develop measurable objectives
Qualitative evaluation
Quality of program
Quantitative evaluation
Numerical scale
Formative evaluation
Internal evaluation DURING planning
Summative evaluation
Eval AFTER implementation
Type 1 examination
Complete exam
Mouth mirror, explorer, adequate illumination, thorough radiographs, study models
Least used in community health
Type 2 examination
Limited exam
Mouth mirror, explorer, adequate illumination, posterior BWX, select PAs
Type 3 examination
Inspection
Mouth mirror, explorer, adequate illumination
MOST commonly used in community health
Type 4 examination
Screening
Tongue depressor and available illumination
If it uses a tongue depressor, its type 4
Eastman interdental bleeding index
Reversible, uses wooden interdental cleaner, assess papillary bleeding
Incidence rate
How many new cases are seen in a population
Prevalence rate
Total number of cases at a given time
Existing
Null hypothesis
Stated as a negative outcome
Ex: There is no statistical significant difference between…
Research hypothesis
Stated as a positive outcome
Ex: There is a statistical significance between
Random sampling
Every subject selected independently and randomly
** Reduces chances of bias!!
Stratified
Think of strategic
Choosing based on certain subgroups (age, gender, income)
Systematic
Select every nth subject to participate
Judgmental
Selected by personal judgement of who would be a typical participant
** Creates bias!!
Convenience
Group is already together and convenient
**Creates bias!!
Historical research design
Looks at incidence and prevalence of disease in a population over time
Descriptive research design
Describes the presence and distribution of a disease or health condition at one point in time
Retrospective research design
Investigates possible causes of disease
Uses medical records
Longitudinal research design
A group is observed over a long period of time
Experimental research design
Most familiar type of research
Known as clinical trials
Control group
Independent variable
Dependent variable
Control= What stays constant in the study
Independent= variable being manipulated
Dependent= Outcome being studied
IRB- Institutional review board
Reviews ethical implications of research study, ensures safety
Nominal scale
Organizes data into exclusive categories
Categories have NO rank order
Ex: Hair color
Ordinal scale
Organizes data into exclusive categories WITH rank order
Ex: Difficulty level 1-10
Interval scale
No absolute zero point- so # can be negative
Ex: Temperature
Ratio scale
Has absolute zero point
Can apply all arithmetic
Ex: Money, weight, height, number of teeth
Normal distribution (bell shaped curve)
Mean, median and mode are equal
Positively skewed distribution
Curve shifted to left, more scores in lower range
Negatively skewed distribution
Curve shifted to right, more scores in higher range
Mode
Value that occurs most often
Median
Midpoint of data
Mean
Average
Standard deviation
Square root of variance
Most common and useful measure of dispersion
R-value
Ranges from -1 to +1
The closer R is to 1, the stronger the relationship
The closer R is to 0, the weaker the relationship
+/- determines the direction of the relationship
Positive correlation
As X increases, y increases
Negative correlation
As X increases, y decreases
As X decreases, y increases
P-Value
Represents probability that findings are due to chance
Used to test hypothesis
Standard of acceptability is P is less than or equal to 0.05
If P is greater than 0.05, results are not statistically significant
Intra examiner reliability
Consistent performance by same investigator
Ex: consistent probe depths
Inter examiner reliability
Consistent performance by different investigators when using same data collection instrument
Ex: Probe depths consistent among group of examiners
Endemic
Low but constant presence of disease in geographic region
Ex: Flu
Epidemic
Occurrence of disease in excess of normal in community, often occurring suddenly and rapidly
Outbreak
Pandemic
Epidemic that crosses international borders and affect several countries
