Community 👨👩👧👦 Flashcards
Rational to study communication
- in healthcare settings, communication takes place between HCWs with their clients and colleagues as: It is the key element in maximizing access to quality of healthcare and it must be achieved by medical students before graduation.
Definition of communication
it is a dynamic process with a double way flow in which feelings, ideas and information are expressed as messages sent, received and comprehended.
ID NTPP KAP
Aims of communication
❶ To give information.
❷ Diagnostic accuracy.
❸ To solve problem.
❹ To satisfy needs.
❺ To build trust.
❻ To reassure patient.
❼ To change knowledge, attitude and practice (KAP).
Elements of communication
- Sender
- Message
- Methods and forms
- receiver
- Feedback
what is a Sender?
is the person who sending the message.
who could act as a sender?
- Every person in the community could act as a sender through his job as: PHC team, medical students, school personnel and community leaders (especially in rural areas).
what is a Message?
Message (Message = Health Information) is the content of the communication act (topic of health talk).
what are methods of communication?
❶ Direct: Face to face (Personal approach).
❷ Indirect: Mass media approach.
OR could be:
❶ auditory
❷ visual
❸ audiovisual methods & role play (education by doing)
what are forms of communication?
verbal: All what is Saying or writing
Non-verbal: Movements & signs
Examples of verbal communications
❶ Language
❷ Paralanguage (vocalics):
- Quality of voice.
- Vocal interferences:
- Interruption, hesitation, silence.
- Emotional tone of voice.
- Loudness, rate, pitch of voice.
- Accent.
Examples of non-verbal communications
Body language:
- Eye contact
- Body movement
Object language:
- Dress.
- Equipment.
Space language:
- Distance.
- Forbidden zone.
Non-verbal communication (NVC) has different interpretations according to culture of the community
give examples:
❶ Setting behind a desk can reinforce barrier between health workers and community.
❷ Looking at watch or looking away may be taken as showing boredom.
who are the receivers?
Are the audiences or the target population; they should participate in the communication process and this depends on their:
- Age
- Gender
- educational level
- interest and attitude
- socio-cultural background.
what is Feedback?
It is the final stage of communication that lets the educator knows if audience understood his message
give examples of feedbacks
- Head nodding
- asking questions by the receiver
- requesting or giving information related to the message.
what is Effect?
Effect of communication is the end result of communication process which may be
give examples of effect
❶ emotional (Attitude)
❷ cognitive (Knowledge)
❸ physical (Practice).
Criteria for effective communication (The sender)
Barriers in communication (The sender)
Criteria for effective communication (The reciever)
Barriers in communication (The reciever)
Criteria for effective communication (The message)
Barriers in communication (The message)
Criteria for effective communication (The environment)
Barriers in communication (The environment)
what are types & basic rules of communication skills?
Verbal & Non-Verbal
what are verbal communication skills?
- Questioning Skills
- Listening Skills
what are types of questions?
- Open-ended questions
- Close-ended questions
- Confirmatory questions
Characters of Open-ended questions
- It can be asked by What, Why, How, Explain Describe & Discuss.
- It can’t be answered by ‘‘Yes’’ or ‘‘No’’ or a one-word response.
- It is more informative than close-ended questions, because they give the opportunity for a full answer.
give example for “Open-ended questions”
How do you feel about having chemotherapy?
what are characters of “Close-ended questions”?
- It can be asked by (Who, When, Where, How often, How many and Does).
- It can be answered by ‘‘Yes’’ or ‘‘No’‘ or one word response.
- These questions are Probing question
to clarify & to understand.
Give example for “Close-ended questions”
- Do you mean or are you saying that? (to repeat the counselee message).
- You definitely took 3 tablets/day? (to check accuracy)
what are “Confirmatory questions”?
- These questions are asked to confirm understanding of the
patient.
Give example for “Confirmatory questions”?
Please tell me what you understood?
why does The health care provider listen?
The health care provider listens to be able to understand the problem that brings the clients to the clinic.
what type of process is listening?
- Listening is an active process that differ from hearing as it involves:
❶ Conscious effort to listen to the words, the way they are said to be aware of the feeling shown and hidden.
❷ Observation of the non-verbal messages that helps in identifying the inner feeling and check the meaning of the verbal message.
what is the importance of non-verbal communications?
❶ Reinforces the verbal message.
❷ Regulates the verbal message.
❸ May replace the verbal message.
❹ May contradict the verbal message.
what are the categories of non-verbal skills?
- Body language
- Object language
- Space language
examples of body language
as body movements, posture, facial expressions, eye contact, way of walking, personal appearance, gesture, mimics, touch, hand movements, leg movements & head nodding.
Examples of object language
as dress, beard, hair and equipment.
Examples of space language
as distance and forbidden zone:
Intimate (45 cm).
Personal (45-120 cm).
Social (120-360 cm).
Public (>360 cm).
what are practical applications of communication?
- Health Education
- Breaking Bad news
- Counselling
what is the definition of Counseling?
is the process used to help people to take decision
what are the characters of counseling?
To establish a good relationship between physician and patient; rapport and communication are prerequisite.
…
what is Rapport?
- Rapport is the emotional element contributing to good relationship between physician and patient, e.g.
❶ The atmosphere of the waiting area.
❷ The doctor greeting to the patient.
❸ The degree of confidence the physician gain.
what is the definition of Health Education?
- is a process of transmission of health-related information to the target group aiming to
promote health, prevent illness, cure disease & facilitate rehabilitation through voluntary adaptation of individual to healthy attitudes and behaviors.
what are the methods of Health Education?
Direct & Indirect
Direct Health Education
- Face to Face approach or Personal approach in which health education directed to individual, group or community.
Indirect Health Education
Personal approach Vs. Mass media of Health education
