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BIO3 > Communities & Ecosystems > Flashcards

Communities & Ecosystems Flashcards

1
Q

What does community mean?

A

All populations of organisms living close enough for interaction

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2
Q

Niche meaning ?
Examples of niche:

A

Role in community

Habitat, Activity patterns, Resources it obtains from the environment, Interactions with other species

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3
Q

niches _ , populations _

A

Overlap
Interact

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4
Q

What does symbiosis mean?

A

2 different organisms interacting

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5
Q

Some example of symbiosis?

A

Competition, Mutualism, Predation, Herbivory, Parasites/pathogens, Commensalism

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6
Q

Another word for symbiosis?

A

Interactions

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7
Q

Two possible outcomes of competition:
Competition _
_ _

A

Exclusion
Resource
Partitioning

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8
Q

Mutualism:

A

Both species benefit

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9
Q

Which of the six symbiosis benefits both?
Which benefits none?

While all other symbiosis _ benefits _ _

A

Mutualism
Competition

Only
One
species

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10
Q

Prey have _ & _ for _ predation
While predators have _ _ to _ _ predation

A

Physical
Behavioral

Predator
adaptions
Enhance / aid

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11
Q

Herbivory meaning?
Benefits _ ; _ plant

A

Consumption of plant (by animal)
Benefits herbivore (primary consumer); harms plant

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12
Q

_: _ agents
_ : _ in or _ host
_ harm _

A

Pathogen
Infectious

Parasites
Live
On

Both
Harm

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13
Q

Parasites/pathogens have evolved strategies for success:like:

A

Toxoplasma gondii
Lancet fluke
Cholera bacterium

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14
Q

Match Parasites/pathogens strategies for success:

_ _ induces _ behavior
_ _ induces _ behavior
_ _ causes _

A

Toxoplasma gondii ; fearless
Lanced fluke; risky
Cholera bacterium; diarrhea

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15
Q

Commensalism is:

A

One species benefit; other species not affected

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16
Q

Oxpeckers land on zebras and eat ticks and other parasites that live on their skin. This is an example of:
Competition
Predation
Parasitism
Mutualism
Herbivory
Commensalism

A

Mutualism

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17
Q

Why don’t predators evolve to become so good at catching prey that prey are driven to extinction?
(Hint: think about who has a greater need for success in a particular hunt)

A

Prey have to be more successful, extinct if not

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18
Q

To promote community you need to promote
_ & _

A

Species diversity
Kufi: keystone, umbrella,flagship,indicator species

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19
Q

How does species diversity promote community?

A

Helps withstand circumstances like diseases
(Less susceptible to pathogens)

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20
Q

Fuki: is:

A

Keystone

Umbrella

Flagship

Indicator

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21
Q

You need to avoid _ _ to promote community
They are _ _
For example: _ 12 _ rabbits released in _ for game, by _ several million rabbits, now around _million

A

Invasive
Species
Foreign
Species

1859
European
Australia
1900
200

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22
Q

Ecosystem means:

A

All living organisms in community plus abiotic environment (chemical resources & physical conditions)

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23
Q

Biomes:

A

Large ecosystems

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24
Q

There are _ aquatic biomes determined by _, _, _ _

There are _ terrestrial biomes determined by _ & _

A

5
Salinity (saltiness)
Depth (deepness)
Water movement (now water moves through it)

9
Temperature
Precipitation (rain snow; things that fall to the ground)

25
Q

Examples of aquatic biomes:

Examples of terrestrial biomes:

A

Lake, ponds, rivers, streams, estuaries, wetlands, open oceans, coral reefs

Tropical/coniferous/ temperate deciduous Forest, Savannah, polar-ice, tundra, grassland, dessert

26
Q

The sun shines most directly on earth’s _ , leading to _ temperatures at _ latitudes

Temperature and precipitation are affected by earth’s _

A

Equator
Lower
Curvature

27
Q

Formation of rain:
1. Air is heated, so _
2. _ air _ (as getting _ from _ earth)
3. _ air _ _ ( _ form & _ _)

A

Rises
Rising
Cools
Cooling
Loses
Moisture
Clouds
Rain
Falls

28
Q

Formation of deserts:
Warm air _ _ from earth’s _ & becomes _
_ air falls towards earth _ & becomes _
Air moves _ earths _ , becomes _. So holds more _

A

Rises
Away
Surface
Cooler
Cool
Surface
Warmer
Down
Surface
Water
Moisture

29
Q

Tundra is a biome found in the arctic region (near the north pole). What do you predict temperature and precipitation to be in this biome?
High temperature high precipitation
High temperature low precipitation
Low temperature high precipitation
Low temperature low precipitation

A

Low temperature low precipitation

30
Q

Beaches on _ _ of the us. Have _ water than _ _ beaches at same _

A

East
Coast
Warmer
West
Coast
Latitudes

31
Q

Energy flow mean:
Chemical cycling mean:

A

Passage of energy through ecosystem
Transfer of materials within ecosystem

32
Q

Energy flow begins with _
Earth receives _ kcal _ _ per day
_ % converted to _ _ by _ :called:_ _

A

Sun
10
Solar
1
Chemical
Energy
Photosynthesis
Primary
Production

33
Q

phytoplankton is a _ _
Zooplankton is a_ _

A

Primary
Producer
Primary
Constants

34
Q

_ Tropic levels:
_ _
_ _
_ _
_ _
_ _

A

5
Quaternary consumers
Tertiary consumers
Secondary consumers
Primary consumers
Primary producers

35
Q

_ energy converted to _ _ by _ & passes through _ _

A

Sun
Chemical
Energy
Photosynthesis
Trophic
Levels

36
Q

Zooplankton are _
Phytoplankton are _

A

Small animals
Photosynthetic bacteria & protists

37
Q

keystone:

A

Largely impact community;
Thus removal cause lost of many other (species)

38
Q

Umbrella:

A

Selected for conservation decisions,
protect umbrella species; indirectly protects others

39
Q

Flagship:

A

Ambassador for cause, conservation of flagship species; benefits others

40
Q

Indicator:

A

Serves as measure of environment conditions existing in given location

41
Q

There are other Consumers not seen in tropic level; these consumers derive _ from _ ; aka; _ _

_ : _ _
_ : _ _
_ : _ & _

A

Energy
Detritus
Dead
Material
Scavengers
Large
Animals
Detritivores
Small
Animals
Decomposers
Fungi
Prokaryotes

42
Q

Bottom-up v top-down
Is _ of populations; difference is:

A

Control
Bottom up : bottom in control
Top down : top in control

43
Q

Food _ are a better representation than food _ ; _ can occupy more than one _

A

Webs
Chain
Organisms
Position

44
Q

Roughly how much energy in _ is transfer throughout trophies levels?

A

Biomass
10%

45
Q

Where does the rest of energy in biomass go?

A

Atmosphere
Lost in environment as heat
Rest used for live grow reproduce

46
Q

It takes _ lb of grain to make _ lb of beef

Meat consumption:
India: _ lb/person/yr
US: _ lb/person/yr

A

10
1
11
275

47
Q

Human vegetarians are _ consumers
While human meat eaters are _ consumers
Cattle’s are _ consumers

A

Primary
Secondary
Primary

48
Q

What is abiotic reservoir ?

A

The part of an ecosystem where a chemical, (like carbon) accumulates/stockpiled outside of living organisms

49
Q

If abiotic reservoir is _ : _ cycle: consist of:
1:
2:
3:

If abiotic reservoir is _ : _ cycle: also:
4:

A

Atmosphere
Global
Water
Carbon
Nitrogen

Rock
Local
Phosphorus

50
Q

Water cycle consist of:

A
  • global
  • Evaporation; condensation;precipitation; runoff
  • Human activities that alter cycle: agriculture , dams, deforestation
51
Q

Carbon cycle consist of:

A
  • global
  • Balanced due to photosynthesis & respiration
  • Human activities throwing of balance : fossil fuels & deforestation
52
Q

Nitrogen cycle consist of:

A
  • global
  • Most fixed from atmosphere by bacteria for assimilation
  • Human affect cycle: fertilizers & feedlot runoff alter nitrate location
53
Q

Phosphorus cycle consist of:

A
  • local
  • Phosphate broken row on, assimilated, decomposer recycle
  • Human affect the cycle: fertilizers & feedlot runoff alter phosphorus location
54
Q

Keywords of abiotic reservoir : cycles :
Water:
Carbon:
Nitrogen:
Phosphorus:

A

W: evaporation, precipitation, condensation; agriculture, dams, deforestation

C: balanced; photosynthesis, respiration; fossil fuel’s & deforestation

N: atmosphere, bacteria; fertilizers, nitrate location

P: local, broken down, decomposers recycle; fertilizers, phosphorus location

55
Q

Eutrophication means:
Key details (2):

A

Excess nitrogen & phosphorus increase growth of algae & Cyanobacteria

• Microbes consume oxygen
• Decreases species diversity

56
Q

Why would the extinction of the sea otter have been so detrimental?

A

Extinction: they protect kelp and get food from them, indirectly protecting kelp beds

57
Q

Why should you avoid washing your car in your driveway?

A

goes to gutter into ocean damaging balance of life

58
Q

There is a “dead zone” in the Gulf of Mexico bigger than the size of Connecticut, in which little life survives and local fisheries are ruined. What could have caused this?

A

a lot of agriculture near mission river causing pollution
(fertilizer, poop)

BIO3 (4 decks)

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