Communication Review For Prelim Flashcards
Is the exchange of information,concepts and opinions between or among two or more people within the same or different contexts.
Communication
What are the fundamentals of communication?
Elements of Communication
Models of Communication
Functions of Communication
Features of an Effective Communication
An element of communication where It is the source of information or message
Speaker
An element of communication where it is The information,ideas or thoughts conveyed by the speaker in words or in actions.
Message
An element of communication where it is The process of converting the message into words actions or other forms that the speaker understands
Encoding
An element of communication where The medium or the means,such as personal or non-personal, verbal or nonverbal, in which the encoded message is conveyed.
Channel
An element of communication where The process of interpreting the encoded message of the speaker by the receiver
Decoding
An element of communication where they are The recipient of the message or someone who decodes the message
Receiver
An element of communication where The reactions,responses or information provided by the receiver
Feedback
An element of communication where The environment where communication takes place
Context
An element of communication where The factors that affect the flow of communication
Barriers
What are the elements of communication
Speaker-Message-Encoding-Channel-Decoding-Receiver-Feedback-Context-Barriers
What are the 6 steps of Process of Communication
1.The speaker generates an idea
2.The speaker encodes an idea or converts it into words or actions.
3.The speaker transmits or sends out a message.
4.The receiver gets the message.
5.The receiver decodes or interprets the message based on the context.
6.The receiver sends or provides feedback.
What are the two types of Models of Communication
Shannon-Weaver Model
Transaction Model
Known as the mother of all communication models, this model made in 1949 depicts communication as a linear or one way-process
Shannon-Weaver model
American Mathematician,electronic engineer and American Scientist who both wrote the Shannon-Weaver model
Claude Shannon and Warren Weaver
What is the other name for the article of Shannon-Weaver Model and what journal was it written to.
“A mathematical theory of communication from the
Bell system Technical Journal“
What are the elements of Shannon weaver model
Source
Transmitter
Channel
Receiver
Destination
An element of shannon weaver model
where it is a producer of message
Source
A element of shannon weaver model where it is the encoder of message into signals
Transmitter
An element of SWM where it signals adapted for transmission
Channel
The decoder of the message and
Last element of the SWM where the message is received by the receiver
Receiver
Destination
The missing element of Shannon Weaver Model that is the reason why it was criticized
Feedback
It is a communication model where it is a two way process with the inclusion of feedback as an element
Transaction model
Proposes that communication between two or more people occurs in an ongoing exchange of messages, where both the sender and receiver influence what is communicated,In this process, people’s shared understandings are built through consistent communication within specific contexts.
Transactional model
Two examples of Transaction Model
Face to face Communication
Facetime/Video Conference Calls
The most direct form of communication where two or more people are in the same physical space.Its facilitates transactional communication like immediate feedback. It allows for nonverbal cues such as body language and facial expression to be used to convey a message.
Face to Face communication
By using audio and visual technology these calls allow two or more people to communicate with another in real time regardless of geographical location.
Facetime/Video Conference Calls
What are the 5 functions of Communication?
Control
Social Interaction
Motivation
Emotional Expression
Information dissemination
Functions to control behaviour
Control
Functions to allow individuals to interact with others
Social Interaction
Functions to motivate or encourages people to live better
Motivation
Functions to facilitates people’s expression of their feelings and emotions
Emotional expression
Functions to convey information
Information dissemination
Enumerate the Features of an Effective Communication (7)
Completeness
Conciseness
Consideration
Concreteness
Courtesy
Clearness
Correctness
A feature of effective communication where it implies the use of simple and specific words to express ideas, and when the speaker focuses on a single objective to not confuse the receivers
Clearness
A feature of effective communication where it does not mean keeping the message short but making it direct or straight to the point.
Conciseness
A feature of effective communication when the message is concrete and supported by facts,figures and real-life examples and situations.
Concreteness
A feature of effective communication where grammar eliminates negative impact on the receivers and increases the credibility and clarity of the message
Correctness
A feature of effective communication where it is essential to the quality of the communication process in general.
Hence communication should include everything that the receiver needs to hear for them to respond,react or evaluate properly.
Completeness
A feature of communication where the speaker should always consider relevant information about their receiver such as mood,background,race, preference,education,status and needs. By doing so they can easily build rapport with the receiver.
Considerateness
A feature of effective communication where the speaker shows courtesy in communication by respecting the culture,values and beliefs of their receivers.
Courtesy
What are the barriers of communication?
Emotional barriers
Use of Jargon
Lack of Confidence
Noisy environment
Refers to the set of specialized vocabulary in a certain field.
Jargon
a Type of communication that Refers to an interaction in which words are used to relay a message and express ideas.
Verbal Communication
Traits for Verbal Communication
Appropriateness
Brevity
Clarity
Ethics
Vividness
The language that you use should be appropriate to the environment or occasion whether formal or informal.
Appropriateness
The meaning of words,feelings, or ideas may be interpreted differently by a listener hence it is essential for you to clearly state your message and express your ideas and feelings
Clarity
Speakers who often use simple yet precise and powerful words are found to be more credible. Be direct with words and avoid fillers and insubstantial expressions.
Brevity
Words that are vividly or creatively describe things or feelings usually add color and spice to communication hence you are encouraged to charm your audience through use of vivid words
Vividness
Words should be carefully chosen in consideration of the gender, roles, ethnicity, preferences and status of the person or people you are talking to.
Ethics
2 Types of Verbal Communication
Spoken/Oral communication and
Written Communication
A verbal form of communication where you communicate with spoken words through thoughts, present ideas and share information
Ex: face to face conversation, speech
Spoken/Oral Communication
Refers to the process of conveying a message through the written symbols.
Sending of messages,orders or instructions through writing.
Ex: letters emails texting
Written Communication
An interaction or type of communication where behavior is used to convey and represent meanings. These are classified as all kind of human responses that are not expressed in words like smile,stare,body language,tone
Non-Verbal communication
Types of Non-Verbal Communication 5
Proxemics
Kinesics
Chronemics
Haptics
Paralannguage
How the space between the speaker and receiver affects their communication
Proxemics
What are the distances if proxemics and their estimated distance
Intimate distance- 6 to 18 inch
Personal distance- 1.5 to 4 feet
Social- 4 to 12 feet
Public- 12-25 feet
The use of body language like gestures, eye contact and facial expressions
Kinesics
Refers to the role of time in communication
Chronemics
The use of touch to convey meaning in a conversation and is also dependent on culture like blessing your elders by using hands, thumbs up
Haptics
The tone,speed and volume of a speaker’s voice including sighs and gasps
Paralanguage
Identify if it is verbal communication or non verbal communication
“talking to someone face to face”
Verbal communication
Identify if it is verbal communication or non verbal communication
“Talking on the phone”
Verbal communication
Identify if it is verbal communication or non verbal communication
“Sticking one’s tongue out at someone”
Non-Verbal communication
Identify if it is verbal communication or non verbal communication
“Tapping someones shoulder”
Non-verbal communication
Identify if it is verbal communication or non verbal communication
“Speaking at a public convention”
Verbal Communication
According to others It is a communication that is influenced by different, ethnicities, religions, and sexual orientation.
Intercultural Communication
But according to him, intercultural Communication happens when individuals, interact,negotiate, and create meanings, while bringing in their varied cultural backgrounds.
Ting-Toomey (1999)
But according to him, Intercultural Communication pertains to communicate among people from different nationalities.
Gudykunst (2003)
What are the stages in intercultural Communication (in order)
Stage 1: Denial
Stage 2: Defend
Stage 3: Minimization
Stage 4: Acceptance
Stage 5: Adaptation
Stage 6: Integration
stage where The individual does not recognize cultural differences
stage 1: Denial
Stage where the individual starts to recognize cultural differences and is intimidated by them, resulting in either a superior view on his/her culture or an unjustified high regard for the new one.
Stage 2: Defend
Stage where even though individuals see cultural differences, they bank more on The universality of ideas rather than on cultural differences.
Stage 3: Minimization
Stage where the individuals begins to appreciate important cultural differences in behaviors and eventually in values.
Stage 4: Acceptance
Stage where the individual is very open to world views when accepting new perspectives.
Stage 5: Adaptation
Stage where the individuals starts to to beyond their own culture and see themselves and their actions based on multifarious cultural viewpoints.
Stage 6: Integration
What are the characteristics or traits of competent Intercultural Communicators
1.flexibility and the ability to tolerate high levels of uncertainty
2. Reflectiveness or mindfulness
3.open-mindedness
4.sensitivity
5. Adaptability
6. Ability to engage in divergent or thinking creatively and systems level thinking or thinking about how each one in a system or organization influences each other
7.Politeness
What are the characteristics or traits of competent Intercultural Communicators
1.flexibility and the ability to tolerate high levels of uncertainty
2. Reflectiveness or mindfulness
3.open-mindedness
4.sensitivity
5. Adaptability
6. Ability to engage in divergent or thinking creatively and systems level thinking or thinking about how each one in a system or organization influences each other
7.Politeness
Is a civilized and culture sensitive form if expression using a language that polite members of societies prefer using when talking about certain sensitive issues and designations
Politically Correct Language
