Communication Disorders

Question 1

Communication

Answer 1

The process of sharing information.

• Sending messages in an understandable form (encoding/expressive language).
• Receiving an understanding messages (decoding/receptive language).

Question 2

Language

Answer 2

An arbitrary code or system of symbols used to communicate meaning.

Question 3

Speech

Answer 3

Formation and sequencing of oral language during communication.

Question 4

American Sign Language

Answer 4

Manual language used by people who cannot hear speech.

Question 5

Augmentative and Alternative Communication

Answer 5

Alternative methods (aided and unaided) to produce the speech sounds of oral language.

Question 6

Communication Disorders

Answer 6

Impaired ability to use speech or language to communicate.

Question 7

Language Disorders

Answer 7

Problems comprehending and using language for communication; may involve form (phonology, morphology, syntax), content (semantics), or use of language (pragmatics).

Question 8

What is the prevalence of Speech Disorders in Canada?

Answer 8

5-10% among preschool and school-aged children.

Question 9

What is the prevalence of Language Disorders for children in the U.S. of preschool age? Of school age?

Answer 9

Preschool age: 2 to 3%

School age: 1%

Question 10

Dialect

Answer 10

Systematic language variations that are rule governed.

Question 11

Specific Language Impairment

Answer 11

No identified cause; unexpected and unexplained variation in the acquisition of language.

Question 12

Early Expressive Language Delay

Answer 12

Significant lag in expressive language that children do not outgrow.

Question 13

Language-based Reading Impairment

Answer 13

Reading problem based on language disorder; cannot be identified until a child begins learning to read and has problems.

Question 14

Secondary Language Disorders

Answer 14

Difficulties in using language in social interactions and relationships is now seen as a basic problem in many disorders.

Question 15

Phonological Disorders

Answer 15

• Rules for pronouncing sounds; do not understand how to differentiate and produce the sounds of language ri construct intelligible words.
• Do not understand the contrasts between sounds or the distinctiveness of sound.

Question 16

Phonological Awareness

Answer 16

Understanding of the sound structure of language.

Question 17

Articulation Disorders

Answer 17

Errors producing sounds in which the individual omits, substitutes, distorts, or additions.

Question 18

Voices

Answer 18

Perceived as having pitch, loudness, and quality.

Question 19

Voice Disorders

Answer 19

Characteristics of pitch, loudness, and/or quality that are abusive of the larynx; hamper communication; or are perceived as markedly different.

Question 20

Vocal Quality

Answer 20

Disorders may be due to physical abnormalities of the oral cavity or damage to the brain or nerves controlling the oral cavity.

Question 21

Fluency Disorders

Answer 21

Interruptions in speech flow.

Question 22

Dysfluencies

Answer 22

Hesitations, repetitions, and other interruptions of normal speech flow.

Question 23

Stuttering is characterized by:

Answer 23

• Part-word repetitions (‘wa-wa-want’)
• Sound prolongations (‘hhhhhouse’)
• Sound bocks

Question 24

Motor Speech Disorders

Answer 24

Result of damage to areas of the brain that control muscles or to the nerves leading to the muscles that make speech possible.

Question 25

Dysarthia

Answer 25

Involves controlling speech sounds; slow, laboured, slurred, and imprecise speech.

Question 26

Apraxia

Answer 26

Planning and coordinated speech; speech is slow, effortful, and inconsistent.

Question 27

Decoding

Answer 27

Ability to transfer written words into speech; even if students with language impairments learn how to decode, many still struggle with reading comprehension.

Question 28

Primary Language Disorders

Answer 28

A language disorder with no known cause.

Question 29

What are the most common articulation errors?

Answer 29

/s/, /z/, /r/, /l/