Communication Disorders Flashcards
Communication
The process of sharing information.
- Sending messages in an understandable form (encoding/expressive language).
- Receiving an understanding messages (decoding/receptive language).
Language
An arbitrary code or system of symbols used to communicate meaning.
Speech
Formation and sequencing of oral language during communication.
American Sign Language
Manual language used by people who cannot hear speech.
Augmentative and Alternative Communication
Alternative methods (aided and unaided) to produce the speech sounds of oral language.
Communication Disorders
Impaired ability to use speech or language to communicate.
Language Disorders
Problems comprehending and using language for communication; may involve form (phonology, morphology, syntax), content (semantics), or use of language (pragmatics).
What is the prevalence of Speech Disorders in Canada?
5-10% among preschool and school-aged children.
What is the prevalence of Language Disorders for children in the U.S. of preschool age? Of school age?
Preschool age: 2 to 3%
School age: 1%
Dialect
Systematic language variations that are rule governed.
Specific Language Impairment
No identified cause; unexpected and unexplained variation in the acquisition of language.
Early Expressive Language Delay
Significant lag in expressive language that children do not outgrow.
Language-based Reading Impairment
Reading problem based on language disorder; cannot be identified until a child begins learning to read and has problems.
Secondary Language Disorders
Difficulties in using language in social interactions and relationships is now seen as a basic problem in many disorders.
Phonological Disorders
- Rules for pronouncing sounds; do not understand how to differentiate and produce the sounds of language ri construct intelligible words.
- Do not understand the contrasts between sounds or the distinctiveness of sound.
Phonological Awareness
Understanding of the sound structure of language.
Articulation Disorders
Errors producing sounds in which the individual omits, substitutes, distorts, or additions.
Voices
Perceived as having pitch, loudness, and quality.
Voice Disorders
Characteristics of pitch, loudness, and/or quality that are abusive of the larynx; hamper communication; or are perceived as markedly different.
Vocal Quality
Disorders may be due to physical abnormalities of the oral cavity or damage to the brain or nerves controlling the oral cavity.
Fluency Disorders
Interruptions in speech flow.
Dysfluencies
Hesitations, repetitions, and other interruptions of normal speech flow.
Stuttering is characterized by:
- Part-word repetitions (‘wa-wa-want’)
- Sound prolongations (‘hhhhhouse’)
- Sound bocks
Motor Speech Disorders
Result of damage to areas of the brain that control muscles or to the nerves leading to the muscles that make speech possible.
Dysarthia
Involves controlling speech sounds; slow, laboured, slurred, and imprecise speech.
Apraxia
Planning and coordinated speech; speech is slow, effortful, and inconsistent.
Decoding
Ability to transfer written words into speech; even if students with language impairments learn how to decode, many still struggle with reading comprehension.
Primary Language Disorders
A language disorder with no known cause.
What are the most common articulation errors?
/s/, /z/, /r/, /l/
