Communication Disoders

Question 0

Morphology

Answer 0

Based on morphemes (smallest unit of meaning)
o Simple words = 1 morphemes (ex: word)
o Complex words = 2+ morphemes (ex: word s)
• Root word plus an affix
• Flame, flammable, inflammable

Question 1

Phonology

Answer 1

o Based on phonemes
• Constants-classified by location, type of constriction of air flow, and presence/absence of voice
• Vowels – classified by placement of tongue
• ~ 45 phonemes in English

Question 2

Syntax

Answer 2

o Word order + grammar

Question 3

Semantics

Answer 3

Word meaning

Question 4

Pragmatics

Answer 4

Meaning in situation context

• Metaphor, irony, sarcasm, following conversational norms

Question 5

Speech

Answer 5

Oral production of language
• 4 processes
o Respiration
o Phonation (air passes over vocal folds and they vibrate)
o Resonation (throat, nose)
o Articulation

Question 6

Problems Articulating Phonemes

Answer 6

• “Speech-sound errors”
o Distortions (change to a phoneme ex: extra air flow)
o Substitutions (substitute one phoneme for another)
o Omissions (drop a phoneme)
o Additions (added where it shouldn’t go
• May be an articulation or phonological disorder

Question 7

Articulation disorders

Answer 7

Trouble producing individual phonemes
o Motoric errors
• Ex: /f/ for /th/

Question 8

Phonological disorders

Answer 8

o A pattern of many errors
o Cognitive/Linguistic errors
• Ex: deleting final consonants, voicing initial voiceless consonants
• Made inconsistently

Question 9

Fluency Disorders

Answer 9

o Stuttering
o Cluttering (very quickly + will delete sounds as they go)

Question 10

Voice disorders

Answer 10

o Phonation disorders (trouble when air is passing over the vocal folds. Horse voice
o Resonance disorders (what happens after phonation. Nasal voice)

Question 11

Language Disorders

Answer 11

Receptive (understanding of language)
o Expressive (Producing language)

Question 12

Assessment

Answer 12

• Case History (Neurological problems or other problems since birth)
• Physical examination (inspect vocal apparatus)
• Hearing screening
• Language samples
• Observation in natural settings

Question 13

Articulation

Answer 13

Response to photos/drawings
• Capture all English phonemes
• Initial, medial, terminal position

Question 14

Free Screener

Answer 14

• Language Assessments
o Receptive
• Judge word pairs as same or different
• Picking a picture to match a heard sentence
o Expressive
• Finishing sentences
• Providing definitions
o Both
• Repeating sentences

Question 15

The Importance of Age Norms

Answer 15

Understanding typical language development
o Progression of phonemes
• /p/ vs. /j/ vs. /2h/
o Increasingly lengthy utterances
o Increasingly large vocabulary

Question 16

The Importance of Considering Linguistic Background

Answer 16

Language Differences vs. Disorders
• English Language Learners
• Regional/Cultural Dialects

Question 17

Epidemiology

Answer 17

• ~ 20% of students under IDEA classified as speech and language impaired
o That’s 2.5% of all students
• But these are underestimates à Districts can’t screen all children
o Some students don’t always classify under IDEA, but still have problems
• M:F = 2:1

Question 18

General Etiologies

Answer 18

Craniofacial abnormalities – e.g., cleft palate
• Neuromuscular impairment (dysarthria)
• Acquired brain injury
o Broca’s (nonfluent) aphasia
o Wernicke’s (fluent) aphasia
• Hearing problems
• Many cases are idiopathic
o Idiopathic – don’t know what causes it

Question 19

Placement

Answer 19

• Over 90% fully included or resource support

* More restrictive settings when comorbid conditions are present

Question 20

Treatment: Service Delivery

Answer 20

• Collaborative Consultation
• Pull-out (intermittent Direct Service)
• Push-in (classroom/curriculum-based)
o Controversies over role of SLP

Question 21

Treating Articulation and Phonological Disorders

Answer 21

• Operant conditioning
o Extinction of dysfluent speech
o Reinforcement of fluent speech
o Soft contacts of articulators
o Delayed auditory feedback (àslow speech)
o Counseling and psychotherapy

Question 22

Treating Voice Disorder

Answer 22

Surgery for structural causes
• Vocal rehabilitation for functional problems
o Inadequate volume à increase air pressure
o Pitch problems à reinforcement for incremental changes
o Nasality à biofeedback
• Vocal hygiene

Question 23

Treatment Language Disorders

Answer 23

• Building oral vocabulary
o Direct instruction and generalization
• Naturalistic Strategies
o Give opportunities for language
o Make intervention hidden