Communication Disoders Flashcards
Morphology
Based on morphemes (smallest unit of meaning)
o Simple words = 1 morphemes (ex: word)
o Complex words = 2+ morphemes (ex: word s)
• Root word plus an affix
• Flame, flammable, inflammable
Phonology
o Based on phonemes
• Constants-classified by location, type of constriction of air flow, and presence/absence of voice
• Vowels – classified by placement of tongue
• ~ 45 phonemes in English
Syntax
o Word order + grammar
Semantics
Word meaning
Pragmatics
Meaning in situation context
• Metaphor, irony, sarcasm, following conversational norms
Speech
Oral production of language • 4 processes o Respiration o Phonation (air passes over vocal folds and they vibrate) o Resonation (throat, nose) o Articulation
Problems Articulating Phonemes
• “Speech-sound errors”
o Distortions (change to a phoneme ex: extra air flow)
o Substitutions (substitute one phoneme for another)
o Omissions (drop a phoneme)
o Additions (added where it shouldn’t go
• May be an articulation or phonological disorder
Articulation disorders
Trouble producing individual phonemes
o Motoric errors
• Ex: /f/ for /th/
Phonological disorders
o A pattern of many errors
o Cognitive/Linguistic errors
• Ex: deleting final consonants, voicing initial voiceless consonants
• Made inconsistently
Fluency Disorders
o Stuttering o Cluttering (very quickly + will delete sounds as they go)
Voice disorders
o Phonation disorders (trouble when air is passing over the vocal folds. Horse voice
o Resonance disorders (what happens after phonation. Nasal voice)
Language Disorders
Receptive (understanding of language) o Expressive (Producing language)
Assessment
- Case History (Neurological problems or other problems since birth)
- Physical examination (inspect vocal apparatus)
- Hearing screening
- Language samples
- Observation in natural settings
Articulation
Response to photos/drawings
• Capture all English phonemes
• Initial, medial, terminal position
Free Screener
• Language Assessments o Receptive • Judge word pairs as same or different • Picking a picture to match a heard sentence o Expressive • Finishing sentences • Providing definitions o Both • Repeating sentences
The Importance of Age Norms
Understanding typical language development o Progression of phonemes • /p/ vs. /j/ vs. /2h/ o Increasingly lengthy utterances o Increasingly large vocabulary
The Importance of Considering Linguistic Background
Language Differences vs. Disorders
• English Language Learners
• Regional/Cultural Dialects
Epidemiology
• ~ 20% of students under IDEA classified as speech and language impaired
o That’s 2.5% of all students
• But these are underestimates à Districts can’t screen all children
o Some students don’t always classify under IDEA, but still have problems
• M:F = 2:1
General Etiologies
Craniofacial abnormalities – e.g., cleft palate • Neuromuscular impairment (dysarthria) • Acquired brain injury o Broca’s (nonfluent) aphasia o Wernicke’s (fluent) aphasia • Hearing problems • Many cases are idiopathic o Idiopathic – don’t know what causes it
Placement
- Over 90% fully included or resource support
* More restrictive settings when comorbid conditions are present
Treatment: Service Delivery
• Collaborative Consultation
• Pull-out (intermittent Direct Service)
• Push-in (classroom/curriculum-based)
o Controversies over role of SLP
Treating Articulation and Phonological Disorders
• Operant conditioning o Extinction of dysfluent speech o Reinforcement of fluent speech o Soft contacts of articulators o Delayed auditory feedback (àslow speech) o Counseling and psychotherapy
Treating Voice Disorder
Surgery for structural causes
• Vocal rehabilitation for functional problems
o Inadequate volume à increase air pressure
o Pitch problems à reinforcement for incremental changes
o Nasality à biofeedback
• Vocal hygiene
Treatment Language Disorders
• Building oral vocabulary o Direct instruction and generalization • Naturalistic Strategies o Give opportunities for language o Make intervention hidden
