Communication Difficulties Flashcards
How many primary school children have language disorder?
7.6%
How many people with language disorder are men?
59%
What is Speech sound disorder (SSD)?
Speech sound production is not consistent with expectation for chronological or mental age.
When is language disorder present?
often by the age of 4
When can SCD be diagnosed?
4-5 years
How many 8th graders have SCD?
7-11%
When does COFD emerge?
early childhood, no onset usually after age 9
What is the prevelance of COFD in preschool children?
5-8% (but reduces with age)
What are the types of explanation for Language disorder?
Linguistic and Processing
What is the deficit of agreement?
Agreement relations = when a word changes in language depending on the other words it relates to eg they walks - she walk
What did Rice and Oetting show?
Analysed data from Kansas Language Transcript Database
Compared children with LD and language-matched TD children (MLU) -
LD children showed poorer agreement between subjects and verbs – difficulty adding “s” for 3rd person singular present (36% vs 54% correct usage)LD children showed poorer agreement between quantifiers and nouns (71% vs 90% correct usage) e.g. “two bottle here”; “one dishes”
What percentage of children with LD correctly used agreement with subject and words?
36% (54% control)
What percentage of children with LD correctly used agreement between quantifiers and nouns?
71% (90% control)
What is the Extended optional infinitive?
Developmental stage where marking of tense in main clauses is not obligatorye.g. –ed for past tense i.e. “I play yesterday”e.g. -s for third person singular present
What did Rice and Wexler find about children with LD?
- Results suggest LD isn’t just a delay in all aspects of language but issues are more specific
- However, findings not replicated in Italian speaking sample (Leonard et al., 1992)
What are some examples of perceptual deficits?
Issues with phonemic discrimination (ba vs pa, ba vs ga)
Issues with discrimination may not be limited to auditory modality
impairment in processing rapid sequential information
What phonological deficits were observed in children with LD?
Poor repetition of non-words
Many morphological rules have phonological components e.g. pronunciation of past tense depends on the final phoneme of present tense verb (baked vs tried vs baited)
What is perceptual salience?
the information that captures the attention of the individual from a given situation or stimulus.
How does Perceptual salience (phonetic substance) effect LD children?
Perceptual salience (“phonetic substance”) of morphemes impacts LD children’s performance e.g. past tense tends to be at ends of words and un-stressed
What is the Procedural defecit hypothesis?
People with LD have problems with procedural memory system of the brain – responsible for learning new skills and procedures and control of old onesProcedural memory is involved in language acquisition especially in relation to linguistic rulesFrontal/basal ganglia circuitryDeclarative memory is spared and may permit compensation for procedural problems
What are the explanations for COFD (stammering)?
Emotional/psychological perspectives
Sensorimotor explanations
Language processing
Neurological explanations
What was stammering historically?
Stammering was considered to be a neurotic disorder
Trait anxiety higher in adults who stammer (Craig et al., 2003)
Social anxiety disorder very common in adults who stammer
What did ERPS in children with COFD show?
the neural functions related to phonological rehearsal and target anticipation are immature in children with COFD
What are chidrens white matter with COFD like?
Chang et al. (2015)White matter volumes in COFD and comparison childrenCorrelated with stammering severity
What is the multifactorial dynamic pathways model?
Smith and Weber (2017)Stammering arises due to ongoing interactions between motor linguistic and emotional factors during development
