Communication Difficulties

Question 1

How many primary school children have language disorder?

Answer 1

7.6%

Question 2

How many people with language disorder are men?

Answer 2

59%

Question 3

What is Speech sound disorder (SSD)?

Answer 3

Speech sound production is not consistent with expectation for chronological or mental age.

Question 4

When is language disorder present?

Answer 4

often by the age of 4

Question 5

When can SCD be diagnosed?

Answer 5

4-5 years

Question 6

How many 8th graders have SCD?

Answer 6

7-11%

Question 7

When does COFD emerge?

Answer 7

early childhood, no onset usually after age 9

Question 8

What is the prevelance of COFD in preschool children?

Answer 8

5-8% (but reduces with age)

Question 9

What are the types of explanation for Language disorder?

Answer 9

Linguistic and Processing

Question 10

What is the deficit of agreement?

Answer 10

Agreement relations = when a word changes in language depending on the other words it relates to eg they walks - she walk

Question 11

What did Rice and Oetting show?

Answer 11

Analysed data from Kansas Language Transcript Database
Compared children with LD and language-matched TD children (MLU) -

LD children showed poorer agreement between subjects and verbs – difficulty adding “s” for 3rd person singular present (36% vs 54% correct usage)LD children showed poorer agreement between quantifiers and nouns (71% vs 90% correct usage) e.g. “two bottle here”; “one dishes”

Question 12

What percentage of children with LD correctly used agreement with subject and words?

Answer 12

36% (54% control)

Question 13

What percentage of children with LD correctly used agreement between quantifiers and nouns?

Answer 13

71% (90% control)

Question 14

What is the Extended optional infinitive?

Answer 14

Developmental stage where marking of tense in main clauses is not obligatorye.g. –ed for past tense i.e. “I play yesterday”e.g. -s for third person singular present

Question 15

What did Rice and Wexler find about children with LD?

Answer 15

• Results suggest LD isn’t just a delay in all aspects of language but issues are more specific
• However, findings not replicated in Italian speaking sample (Leonard et al., 1992)

Question 16

What are some examples of perceptual deficits?

Answer 16

Issues with phonemic discrimination (ba vs pa, ba vs ga)

Issues with discrimination may not be limited to auditory modality

impairment in processing rapid sequential information

Question 17

What phonological deficits were observed in children with LD?

Answer 17

Poor repetition of non-words

Many morphological rules have phonological components e.g. pronunciation of past tense depends on the final phoneme of present tense verb (baked vs tried vs baited)

Question 18

What is perceptual salience?

Answer 18

the information that captures the attention of the individual from a given situation or stimulus.

Question 19

How does Perceptual salience (phonetic substance) effect LD children?

Answer 19

Perceptual salience (“phonetic substance”) of morphemes impacts LD children’s performance e.g. past tense tends to be at ends of words and un-stressed

Question 20

What is the Procedural defecit hypothesis?

Answer 20

People with LD have problems with procedural memory system of the brain – responsible for learning new skills and procedures and control of old onesProcedural memory is involved in language acquisition especially in relation to linguistic rulesFrontal/basal ganglia circuitryDeclarative memory is spared and may permit compensation for procedural problems

Question 21

What are the explanations for COFD (stammering)?

Answer 21

Emotional/psychological perspectives
Sensorimotor explanations
Language processing
Neurological explanations

Question 22

What was stammering historically?

Answer 22

Stammering was considered to be a neurotic disorder

Trait anxiety higher in adults who stammer (Craig et al., 2003)

Social anxiety disorder very common in adults who stammer

Question 23

What did ERPS in children with COFD show?

Answer 23

the neural functions related to phonological rehearsal and target anticipation are immature in children with COFD

Question 24

What are chidrens white matter with COFD like?

Answer 24

Chang et al. (2015)White matter volumes in COFD and comparison childrenCorrelated with stammering severity

Question 25

What is the multifactorial dynamic pathways model?

Answer 25

Smith and Weber (2017)Stammering arises due to ongoing interactions between motor linguistic and emotional factors during development