ADHD

Question 1

When is the peak onset of ADHD?

Answer 1

3/4 yo

Question 2

How many children does ADHD affect?

Answer 2

3%-5% children, prevalence higher in areas of socio-economic disadvantage

Question 3

What is the Male/Female ratio for ADHD?

Answer 3

• 4:1 for the hyperactivity /impulsivity type
• 2:1 for the inattention type

Question 4

What is the Comorbidity rate for ADHD?

Answer 4

50% of the children also show another psychiatric disorder

Question 5

Does ADHD persist into adolescents?

Answer 5

Persists in adolescence for around 50-80% of individuals and in adulthood for around 30-50% of individuals

Question 6

How much more at risk for ADHD are siblings?

Answer 6

3-5 more

Question 7

What is the concordance for ADHD in twins?

Answer 7

Concordance is higher in monozygotic twins (50%-80%) than dizygotic twins (33%)

Question 8

What are the 7 Candidate genes?

Answer 8

• 5 are linked to dopaminergic system (esp. DAT-1 and DRD4)
• 2 are linked to the serotonergic system

Question 9

Doe alcohol and nicotine use imcrease ADHD chances?

Answer 9

YES - But mothers themselves more likely to have ADHD and ADHD increases the use of substance!

Question 10

What are some risk factors for ADHD?

Answer 10

• Low birth weight and premature birth
• Obstetric complications
• Maternal stress
• Exposure to lead during childhood
• Complex pathway from genes to symptoms

Question 11

What is an Endophenoytpe?

Answer 11

heritable, vulnerability traits that mark a risk for the development of the disorder