Communication Flashcards
what are the steps of the communication process model? (7)
- source/sender
- encoding
- channel message
- decoding
- receiver
- response
- feedback and noise (leads back to 1)
what are the qualities of effective communication (7)
- clear
- concise
- consistent
- creative
- sensitive to audience
- persuasive or explanatory
- open to differing opinions
barriers to communication: issues with sending (3)
- not sending clear or congruent messages
- timing of message
- message not appropriate to setting
barriers to communication: problems with receiving (4)
- message not interesting
- focus on sender, rather than message
- disagree with sender’s message
- pretending to listen
channel
- method by which communication travels from source or sender to receiver
setting
- physical surroundings
noise (3)
- unwanted sound that interferes or distracts, is a barrier to learning and communication
- any interference in the communication process that prevents the message from being heard correctly
- can occur at any point in the process
external noise
- noise from the environment
internal noise
- noise from the sender’s/receiver’s mind
listening: critical listening
listener evaluates or challenges what is heard
listening: reflective/empathetic
- listening for feelings
empathy
- ability to recognize and identify another’s feelings by putting oneself in that person’s place
listening: informational
- acquire knowledge or instruction
listening: pleasurable
- enjoyment, satisfaction
types of symbols (4)
- visible
- abstract
- verbal
- nonverbal
visible symbols
- can be seen
abstract symbols
- ideas, rather than objects
verbal symbols
- words
nonverbal symbols
- anything other than words; actions
I-message
- statements of fact about how an individual feels or thinks
you-message
- statements that often ascribe blame or judge others; can often start arguments
message construction
- information placement for maximum effort
message content
- the strategies or information that may be used to communicate an idea or policy to receivers
direct channels
- face-to-face talking
- less chance of miscommunication; can see receiver’s reactions
indirect channels
- mass communication
social channels (2)
- include friends, neighbours, and family members
- channels are most likely to involve face-to-face contacts due to familiarity and proximity
advocate or expert communication
- more likely to contact receivers through letters, speeches, or less direct forms of communication
feedback of communication management (5)
- response process between sender and receiver
- closes loop in communication flow
- lets sender know message is decoded and received
- listener hears, stores, responds, and listens for next message
- control mechanism for accurate communication
nonverbal communication (6)
- artifacts
- proxemics
- body language
- physical characteristics
- clothes, adornment, grooming
- touching behaviour
acquirement of information overload (3)
- passively acquired: consumer does not seek information
- actively acquired: consumer looks and engages with information
- low involvement: may not think about information
information overload (2)
- leads to feelings of being overwhelmed/uncomfortable and inability to process information
- results from too much exposure to information in a short amount of time
information anxiety
- the gap between what individuals think they understand and what they actually do understand; space between data and knowledge
communication goal (2)
- provide understanding that leads to desired actions
- to get what you want/desire from the actions of others
communication
process of transmitting a message from a sender to a receiver
interference
anything that distorts or interrupts messages
sending
- saying what one means to say, with agreement between verbal and nonverbal messages
receiving
listening to the verbal messages and observing the nonverbal messages
encoding
- process of putting thoughts, ideas, or information into symbolic form
decoding
the process by which the receiver assigns meaning to the symbols
message (2)
- the total communication that is sent, listened to, and received
- made up of symbols
symbols
- things that suggest something else through association
Ostrich effect
- burying one’s head in the sand; avoidance of information/communication
nonverbal communication: artifacts
- type, placement, or rearrangement of objects around a person as well as clothing and adornment
nonverbal communication: proxemics
distance between speakers
cultures & subcultures effect on communication
unique communication ways can cause conflicts to arise between those of different cultures:
- verbal and nonverbal
- social space
- symbols
the social spaces of each individual (4)
- intimate
- personal
- social
- public
low involvement
- tend not to think much about it and may find their attention wandering
habitual decision making
- choices are made out of habit without any additional information search
cocooning
the desire to remain at home as a place of coziness, control, peace, insulation, and protection
what is the role of technology in communication (5)
- permits information transmission
- have to make decision about managing information
- provides assisted activities in home
- boom for elderly, less mobile, disable individuals
- costly
negative aspects of technology on communication (4)
- lack of privacy
- use of online communication to manipulate others
- higher rates of sadness from using social media
- cyberbullying
benefits of technology to family & couples (4)
- families feel closer
- more opportunities for parent-child shared time, even when apart
- romantic couples use it to express affection when not physically together
- adolescents used it to foster positive interactions
what are the effects of media use in romantic relationships? (2)
- facebook use increased jealousy
- equally satisfying to use internet or phone to communicate
do youth prefer texting or face-to-face communication?
- texting
why do youth prefer texting over face-to-face communication? (4)
- can talk to multiple people at once
- leave large gaps in conversation
- conceal truth
- can clarify any misunderstanding quickly
what was the ranking of media sources used for serious couples? (4)
- cell phone
- text messaging
- social media, webcams, etc
when do serious couples mainly use media?
- to express affection
what do serious couples use social media less often for (in order) (3)
- discuss serious issues
- apologize
- confrontational topics, to hurt partner
use of media sources: youth vs older
- youth used ALL media sources more than older people
use of media sources: married vs dating couples
- married used all media sources more than dating couples
which couples use media to express affection
- those more satisfied with their relationship reported using media to express affected
which couples use media to begin confrontational subjects
- those who were less satisfied used media to begin confrontational subjects
what is a key finding about text messaging?
- text messaging had the strongest association with individuals’ positive and negative communication within their relationship
what describes positive emotions in instant messaging (3)
- punctuation
- emojis
- positive affirmations
what characterizes responses to positive instant messaging (5)
- quicker response
- use of punctuation
- agree with partner
- use of more words
- use of fewer affective/emotional terms
what circumstances can lead to family members being away? (5)
- international students
- commuter families (within a country or across country boundaries)
- travel for work
- military
- arctic, antarctic, and space stations
what were the rankings for communication sources between university students and their parents (4)
- phone
- face to face
- email and texting
- social networking site
what were the outcomes of frequent phone conversations between parent and university student
- more satisfying, supportive parental relationship
what were the outcomes of social networking between parent and university student
- reported loneliness and parent-child conflict
difficulties with communication between military and space families (5)
- when dealing with sensitive information
- finding space for privacy during communication
- concern about potential effects of too much contact or negative communication on work
- concern about frequent enough communication for each specific family
- ability to be apart of each other’s lives and continue role in family
what did military families values most (3)
- hearing their loved one’s voices
- found email best for showing intimacy and love
- care packages
what did space families value most (2)
- seeing faces and hearing voices
- care packages
themes in military family communication (3)
- creating normality through connecting with loved ones
- understanding spoken and unspoken
- connecting and disconnecting
impacts of deployment on support (2)
- changing sense of self from experiences
- continuing of common bond with peers
what were the family rankings of conversation topics? (7)
- their daily activities
- share positive and negative things from home
- your daily activities
- ups and downs of work
- participating in family decision making
- plan about the future
- share views about world events
ranked preferences about how to communicate with family (3)
- by telephone and video conferences
- surprise with phone calls OR communication through email/social media
- care packages
Ansible
- allows people to receive answers to messages in a reasonable amount of time, even over interstellar distances
Ansible outcomes
- crew members felt closer and more satisfied with their friends and family then crew members that did not use Ansible
