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A level OCR Biology > Communicable diseases, disease prevention and the immune system > Flashcards

Communicable diseases, disease prevention and the immune system Flashcards

1
Q

Define communicable disease

A

Can be passed from one organism to another between individuals of the same of different species

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2
Q

Define pathogen

A

Disease-causing microbes/microorganisms

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3
Q

Define disease vector

A

Any agent that carries and transmits an infectious pathogen into another organism

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4
Q

What can be a vector?

A
  • Organisms

- Inanimate medium

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5
Q

Give two examples of an inanimate medium that can be a vector

A
  • Water

- Dust particles

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6
Q

List the types of pathogen

A
  • Bacteria
  • Viruses
  • Bacteriophages
  • Protoctista (Protists)
  • Fungi
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7
Q

How many bacteria are pathogenic?

A

A small number of thousands of bacterial species are pathogenic

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8
Q

Are bacteria eukaryotes?

A

No, their prokaryotes

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9
Q

How can you classify bacteria?

A

By shapes

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10
Q

What are the main types of bacteria?

A
  • Spheres (cocci)
  • Rods (bacilli)
  • Spirals
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11
Q

Give three examples of sphere/cocci bacteria

A
  • Diplococci
  • Streptococci
  • Tetrad
  • Staphylococci
  • Sarcina
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12
Q

Give three examples of rods/bacilli bacteria

A
  • Chain of bacilli
  • Flagellate rods
  • Spore-former
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13
Q

Give three examples of spiral bacteria

A
  • Vibrios
  • Spirilla
  • Spirochaetes
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14
Q

What is the cell wall structure of bacteria?

A

Two main types of cell wall that react differently to Gram staining

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15
Q

What are viruses?

A

Non-living infectious agents

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16
Q

How much smaller are viruses compared to bacteria?

A

50x

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17
Q

How many viruses are pathogenic?

A

All of them

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18
Q

What is the structure of a virus?

A

Basic structure of some genetic material (DNA or RNA) that is surrounded by protein

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19
Q

What are bacteriophages?

A

Viruses that attack bacteria

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20
Q

How do bacteriophages attack bacteria?

A

They take over the cell and use them to replicate, killing the bacteria in process

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21
Q

Are protoctista (protista) eukaryotic organisms?

A

Yes

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22
Q

How many protoctista (protista) are pathogenic?

A

A small percentage

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23
Q

What do protoctista (protista) cause?

A

Communicable disease in plants and animals

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24
Q

Protists that cause disease are…

A

Parasitic

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25
What may protists need to transfer to their hosts?
Vectors
26
Give an example of diseases that are caused by protists
- Malaria | - Sleeping sickness
27
Which protist causes sleeping sickness?
Trypanosoma
28
What is the vector for trypanosoma?
Tsetse flies
29
Fungi are not usually problematic in animals but the can be ... in plants
Devasting
30
Are fungi prokaryotes?
No, they are eykaryotes
31
Are fungi multicellular or unicellular?
Frequently multicellular, but occasionally unicellular
32
Give an example of a unicellular fungi?
Yeast
33
As fungi cannot photosynthesise, how do they get what nutrients they need?
They absorb nutrients from their environment after releasing digestive enzymes
34
What are most fungi (other than multicellular)?
Saprophytes
35
What are saprophytes?
They feed on dead and decaying matter
36
Some fungi are this (not unicellular)
Parasitic
37
What do parasitic fungi feed on?
Plants and animals
38
The fungi that are parasitic are?
Pathogenic and can cause communicable diseases
39
What do fungi often attack?
The leaves of plants, stopping them photosynthesising
40
What do fungi produce?
Spores
41
How do fungi infect? What is their mode of infection?
Spores that can spread huge distances and through crop plants rapidly
42
What are the two modes of action?
- Damaging the host tissues directly | - Producing toxins which damage host tissue
43
What causes symptoms?
The damage and the way in which the body of the host responds to the damage
44
How do viruses cause symptoms, using the mode of action: damaging the host tissues directly?
- Take over the cell metabolism - The viral genetic material gets into the host cell and is inserted into the hosts' DNA - The virus then uses the host cell to make new viruses which then burst out of the cell, destroying it - Then it spreads to infect other cells
45
How do some protoctista (protists) cause symptoms, using the mode of action: damaging the host tissues directly?
- Take over cells and break them open as the new generation emerges - BUT they do not take over the genetic material of the cell - They simply digest and use the cell contents as they reproduce - Protists that cause malaria are an example of this
46
How do fungi cause symptoms, using the mode of action: damaging the host tissues directly?
- Digest living cells and destroy them
47
How do bacteria cause symptoms, using the mode of action: producing toxins which damage host tissue?
- Most bacteria produce toxins that poison or damage the host cells in some way, causing disease - Some bacterial toxins damage the host cells by breaking down the cell membranes - Some bacterial toxins damage or inactivate enzymes - Some bacterial toxins interfere with the host cell's genetic material so the cell cannot divide - These toxins are a by-product of the normal functioning of the bacteria
48
Do fungi use the mode of action: producing toxins which damage host tissue?
Yes, some fungi produce toxins which affect the hosts cells and cause disease
49
What are some abiotic environmental factors?
- Wind - Water - Inhalation of spores - Entry into skin
50
What are some animal vectors?
- Mosquitoes (malaria, dengue) | - Fleas (bubonic plague)
51
With human-to-human transmission, why does direct contact mode of transmission work?
Pathogen survives best inside the body
52
Give examples of diseases caused by the mode of transmission: direct contact in human-to-human transmission
- HIV - Herpes-viruses - Ebola
53
With human-to-human transmission, why does indirect contact mode of transmission work
Pathogen survives in harsh environments | Can pick up the pathogen from surface or air
54
Give examples of diseases caused by the mode of transmission: indirect contact in human-to-human transmission
- Influenza | - Norovirus
55
With human-to-human transmission, why does the mode of transmission: droplets work (but not very well)?
Pathogens are in droplets but do not survive long this way
56
Give examples of diseases caused by the mode of transmission: droplets in human-to-human transmission
- Ebola | - Bordetella pertussis
57
With human-to-human transmission, why does airborne mode of transmission work?
Pathogens are aerosolised and stay infectious
58
Give examples of diseases caused by airborne in human-to-human transmission
- Influenza | - Tuberculosis
59
With human-to-human transmission, how does fecal-oral mode of transmission work?
Through contaminated food or water
60
Give examples of diseases caused by the mode of transmission: fecal-oral
- Cholera - Norovirus - Shigella
61
What are examples of direct contact in direct transmission in animals?
- Kissing and body fluids - Direct skin-to-skin contact - Microorganisms from faeces transmitted on hands
62
Give examples of diseases caused by the direct transmission in animals: direct contact (kissing and body fluids)
- Bacterial meningitis | - STDs, i.e. HPV (14 million cases annually
63
Give examples of diseases caused by the direct transmission in animals: direct contact (direct skin-to-skin contact)
- Ringworm | - Athletes foot
64
Give examples of diseases caused by the direct transmission in animals: direct contact (Microorganisms from faeces transmitted on hands)
- Diarrhoeal disease
65
What are examples of inoculation in direct transmission in animals?
- Break in the skin - Animal bites - Puncture would or shared needles
66
Give examples of diseases caused by the direct transmission in animals: inoculation (break in the skin)
- HIV/AIDs

A level OCR Biology (7 decks)

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