Communicable Diseases, Disease Prevention And The Immune System Flashcards

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1
Q

What is health

A

A state of complete physical, mental and social wellbeing

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2
Q

What is a disease

A

A departure of good health which produces symptoms with a particular cause

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3
Q

What may cause disease

A

Pathogens
Nutrient deficiency
Toxins
Genetic defects
Environmental factors
Autoimmune

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4
Q

What is a pathogen

A

An organism that causes disease

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5
Q

How does bacteria cause disease

A

By reproducing rapidly in host tissues by damaging cells and releasing toxins

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6
Q

How do fungi grow

A

A branching network of hyphae that form a mycelium

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7
Q

How do fungi cause disease

A

The secretion of enzymes to digest food extracelluary which damages the tissue causing irritation

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8
Q

What are examples of fungal diseases

A

Athletes foot, thrush (animals) and black Sigatoka (crop plants)

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9
Q

How do viral particles reproduce

A

Infecting a host cell where the viral genes are transcribed and translated to produce viral proteins and genome

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10
Q

How do viruses cause disease

A

The virus takes over the cellular machinery to produce more viral copy’s that are then released from the host cell (when it lyses/bursts), they cause intracellular damage

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11
Q

What is active immunity

A

Immunity developed through the production of antibodies in response to the antigens of a pathogen

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12
Q

What’s agglutinin

A

Antibodies that cause pathogens to clump together

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13
Q

What’s an antibiotic

A

A chemical which prevents the growth of microorganisms

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14
Q

What are antibodies

A

Immunoglobulins produced by differentiated B lymphocytes in response to stimulation by an antigen

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15
Q

What’s an antigen

A

A molecule that stimulates an immune response

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16
Q

What’s an antitoxin

A

Antibodies that render toxins harmless

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17
Q

What’s an antigen presenting cell

A

A cell that has ingested a pathogen and displays the pathogens antigen on its cell surface membrane

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18
Q

What’s a B lymphocyte

A

A type of leucocyte that is produced and matures in the bone marrow

19
Q

What’s callose

A

A large polysaccharide deposited in phloem sieve tubes to block them

20
Q

What’s chemotaxis

A

The movement of cells or organisms towards or away from a particular chemical

21
Q

What’s clonal expansion

A

The multiplication of selected T and B lymphocytes in the specific immune response

22
Q

What’s clonal selection

A

The selection of T and B lymphocytes appropriate to an antigen in the specific immune response

23
Q

What are cytokines

A

Cell signalling molecules which are used for communication between cells allowing some cells to regulate the activity of others

24
Q

What’s an endemic

A

A disease that is always present in a population

25
Q

What’s an epidemic

A

The rapid spread of a disease through a high proportion of a population

26
Q

What’s herd immunity

A

A form of immunity that occurs when a significant portion of a population have been vaccinated and provides a measure of protection for individuals who have not developed immunity.

27
Q

What’s histamine

A

A chemical released by mast cells as part of inflammatory response. Attracts neutrophils to site of infection by chemotaxis and increases permeability of capillaries.

28
Q

What are immunoglobulins

A

Soluble glycoprotein molecules. Antibodies.

29
Q

What’s immunological memory

A

Ability of the immune system to respond very quickly to antigens that it has encountered before due to the presence of memory cells

30
Q

What are incidence rates

A

The number of new cases of a disease in a given population in a certain time period.

31
Q

What’s an inflammatory response

A

A tissue reaction to injury or an antigen that may include release of histamine, pain, swelling, itching, redness heat and loss of function

32
Q

What are interleukins

A

A type of cytokine used to communicate between lymphocytes

33
Q

What’s lysozyme

A

An enzyme produced in tears which digests bacterial walls, keeping the eye free from infection

34
Q

What’s morbidity

A

The incidence or prevalence of a disease or of all disease in a population.

35
Q

What’s mortality

A

The number of deaths in a population

36
Q

What’s opsonin

A

Molecule (e.g. antibody) that binds to a pathogen, making it more susceptible to phagocytosis

37
Q

What’s a pandemic

A

An epidemic that has spread worldwide

38
Q

What is passive immunity

A

Immunity acquired by the transfer of antibodies

39
Q

What’s a pathogen

A

An organism that causes disease

40
Q

What’s phagocytosis

A

Phagocytes engulf a pathogen in a vesicle called a phagosome. Lysosomes fuse with the phagosome releasing digestive enzymes

41
Q

What’s a plasma cell

A

Differentiated B lymphocyte that produces and secretes antibodies as part of the humoral response

42
Q

What’s ring vaccination

A

A vaccination of all susceptible individuals of all susceptible individual in a prescribed area around an outbreak of an infectious disease.

43
Q

What’s a specific immune response

A

An integrated immune response to an antigen, especially one mediated by lymphocytes.

44
Q

What’s a T lymphocyte

A

Type of leucocyte that is produced in the bone marrow and matures in thymus