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Communicable diseases Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Name the four types of pathogens. (1)

A
  • Bacteria
  • Fungi
  • Protista
  • Viruses
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2
Q

What ways can we use to classify bacteria? (2)

A
  • Gram-positive/gram-negative (1)
  • Basic shape (like spherical, rod…) (1)
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3
Q

Which pathogens are:
- The most dangerous to plants (1)
- Non-living (1)
- Eukaryotic organisms (1)

A
  • Fungi (1)
  • Viruses (1)
  • Fungi/protista (1)
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4
Q

Describe how viruses damage tissues. (3)

A
  • Inserts genetic material into (host cell’s) DNA (1)
  • Viruses rapidly produced inside cell. (1)
  • Cell bursts, allowing viruses to attack other cells. (1)
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5
Q

Protista, like viruses, take over cells and cause them to burst and release newly created protista. What is the difference in how protista operate compared to viruses.

A

Viruses insert genetic material into the host cell’s DNA to reproduce (1), while protista digest the host cell’s contents while reproducing. (1)

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6
Q

Pathogens like bacteria and fungi release toxins. How do these toxins damage cells? Describe one factor. (1)

A
  • Attacks genetic material (preventing cell division) (1)
  • Causes enzymes to become inactive (1)
  • Break down cell membranes (1)
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7
Q

Describe two bacterial diseases (name, plant/animal, brief explanation). (6)

A
  • Bacterial meningitis; animal disease, meninges (brain) infected causing blood poisoning. (3)
  • Ring rot; plant disease, destroys most of the crop and leaves fields unusable for a long time. (3)
  • Tuberculosis; animal disease, destroys lung tissue and suppresses the immune system. (3)
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8
Q

Describe two viral diseases (name, plant/animal, brief explanation). (6)

A
  • Tobacco-mosaic virus; plant disease, reduces yield/growth by attacking leaves/flowers/fruits. (3)
  • Influenza/flu; animal disease, ciliated epithelial cells in the gaseous exchange system are infected, leaving the body vulnerable to secondary infections. (3)
  • Human immunodeficiency virus; animal disease, gradually destroys the immune system, leaving the body vulnerable to other infections (e.g TB, cancer). (3)
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9
Q

What is AIDS and how does it link to HIV? (2)

A

AIDS stands for Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome (1) and is the worst form of HIV. (1)

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10
Q

Describe two protist caused diseases (name, plant/animal, brief explanation). (6)

A
  • Tomato/potato late blight; plant disease, fungal-like hyphae penetrate the host cells of the crop. (3)
  • Malaria; animal disease, carried by mosquitos (vector), invading red blood cells, the liver and the brain. (3)
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11
Q

Describe two fungal diseases (name, plant/animal, brief explanation). (6)

A
  • Black sigatoka; plant disease, hugely reduces (banana) yield by attacking leaves, penetrating them with hyphae and turning them black. (3)
  • Ring worm; animal disease, creates crusty and circular areas on the skin. (3)
  • Athlete’s foot; animal disease (form of human ring worm), digests the moist, warm skin between the toes, causing cracking and scaling. (3)
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12
Q

How can a disease be transferred directly from one individual to another? Describe one way. (1)

A
  • Direct contact (contact with bodily fluids, skin to skin contact). (1)
  • Inoculation (through a break in the skin, animal bites, sharing needles). (1)
  • Ingestion (drinking something contaminated). (1)
  • Spores (infected plants may leave spores of protists or fungi in the soil, they may be carried in the wind/water/animals). (1)
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13
Q

How can a disease be transferred indirectly from one individual to another? Describe one way. (1)

A
  • Fomites (pathogens transferred by inanimate objects, such as cosmetics and bedding). (1)
  • Droplet infecton (healthy individuals may breathe in droplets containing pathogens from other people coughing/sneezing). (1)
  • Vectors (water and animals can carry diseases, transferring them to individuals). (1)
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14
Q

Name three factors that raise the probability of someone or a plant catching a communicable disease. (3)

A
  • Overcrowded working/living conditions. (1)
  • Poor nutrition. (1)
  • Compromised/weakened immune system. (1)
  • Climate change. (1)
  • Socioeconomic factors. (1)
  • Planting crops that are susceptible to disease. (1)
  • Poor mineral nutrition of plants. (1)
  • Damp, warm conditions. (1)
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15
Q

Callose deposition is a physical defence used by plants. Describe how this works to minimise infection. (6)

A
  • (When attacked) the plant rapidly produces callose (a polysaccharide). (1)
  • Callose is deposited between cell walls and membranes (1) surrounding infected cells (1).
  • Pathogens are prevented from entering healthy cells, due to the barrier. (1)
  • Lignin is added to make the barrier thicker/stronger. (1)
  • Callose seals sieve plates/plasmodesmata. (1)
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16
Q

Describe one chemical defense that plants use. (2)

A
  • Insecticides; toxic to insects (and fungi). (2)
  • Insect repellents; repels insects that may be acting as vectors. (2)
  • Antibacterial compounds; breakdown/disrupt the cell walls of bacteria (e.g lysosomes, defensins). (2)
  • Antifungal compounds; break down chitin in fungal cell walls (e.g chitinases). (2)
17
Q

Fill in the blanks about blood clotting and wound repair (8):

When platelets come into contact with ___ from the damaged blood vessel, it ___ to it and secretes susbtances. One of these is an enzyme that causes a cascade of reactions that lead to the formation of a ___ network that traps ___. A ___ is also released, causing the smooth muscle to contract (___), reducing blood supply so the wound ___ out, forming a tough scab. ___ cells begin to grow over the scab and vessels regrow.

A
  • Collagen (1)
  • Adheres (1)
  • Fibrin (1)
  • Platelets (1)
  • Neurotransmitter (1)
  • Vasoconstriction (1)
  • Dries (1)
  • Epidermal (1)
18
Q

Explain how mast cells trigger an inflammatory response. (5)

A
  • Releases histamines; causes vasodilation (in blood vessels). (1)
  • Causes redness, swelling (blood vessels become more leaky) and increased temperature. (1)
  • Higher temperatures prevent pathogenic reproduction. (1)
  • Releases cytokines; attracts white blood cells to the site. (1)
  • The white blood cells carry out phagocytosis. (1)
19
Q

Fill in the blanks about phagocytosis (5):

Phagocytes recognise the non-self proteins (___) on the surface of pathogens. The pathogen is ___ by the phagocyte, enclosed in the vacuole, forming a ___. A lysosome combines with it, forming a ___. Enzymes from the lysosome ___ the pathogen.

A
  • Antigens (1)
  • Engulfed (1)
  • Phagosome (1)
  • Phagolysosome (1)
  • Digest (1)
20
Q

How are antigen presenting cells created? (2)

What is the purpose of antigen presenting cells? (1)

A
  • Antigens from the digested pathogen combine with MHC in the cytoplasm of the macrophage. (1)
  • This forms an MHC/antigen complex, which makes up an APC. (1)
  • The antigens trigger further immune responses by stimulating other cells. (1)
21
Q

How do antibodies defend the body by creating antigen-antibody complexes? (4)

A
  • Acts as an opsonin; allowing for the antigen-antibody complex to be easily engulfed. (1)
  • Prevents pathogens from efficiently invading host cells. (1)
  • Acts as agglutinins; causes the antigen-antibody complexes to clump together, making it so multiple can be digested by phagocytes at once. (1)
    Acts as anti-toxins; binds to toxins released by pathogens, making them harmless. (1)
22
Q

Explain the purpose of T helper cells. (2)

A

(Once their receptors have binded to antigens on APCs,) T helper cells produce interleukins (1), which attract/stimulate macrophages to engulf antigen-antibody complexes and stimulate the production of other T cells. (1)

23
Q

What are cell mediated immunity and humoral immunity (specific immune) responses to? (2)

A

Cell mediated immunity; cells that have been changed in some way (e.g virus, mutation). (1)

Humoral immunity; antigens found outside cells (bacteria, fungi, APCs). (1)

24
Q

Describe how cell mediated immunity works. (5)

A
  • (During the non-specific immune response) macrophages process antigens, forming APCs. (1)
  • Some of the receptors on T helper cells will fit the antigens, allowing them to bind and produce interleukins. (1)
  • The production of interleukins causes T cells to divide rapidly by mitosis. (1)
  • This forms clones of the activated T helper cells (carrying the correct antigen to bind to the particular pathogen). (1)
  • Cloned cells may produce interleukins, become T memory cells or stimulate the production of T killer cells (that are specific to the presented antigen). (1)
25
Q

Fill in the blanks about humoral immunity (12):

B lymphocytes have ___ on their cell surface membranes that bind to complementary ___. The B cell will then engulf and ___ the antigen, becoming an APC.
Activated T ___ cells will bind to the antigen on the B cell APC. Here, the B cell with the correct antibody for the complementary ___ is selected for cloning (c___ s___) The T cells produce ___ which activate the B cells. The activated B cell divides by ___, producing clones of B ___ cells and plasma cells (c___ e___). The plasma cells produce ___ that neutralise pathogens (or act as agglutinins or opsonins). This is the ___ immune response.

A
  • Antibodies (1)
  • Antigens (1)
  • Process (1)
  • Helper (1)
  • Antigen (1)
  • Clonal selection (1)
  • Interleukins (1)
  • Mitosis (1)
  • Memory (1)
  • Clonal expansion (1)
  • Antibodies (1)
  • Primary (1)
26
Q

Provide a brief explanation of the following types of immunity:
- Natural active (1)
- Natural passive (1)
- Artificial active (1)
- Artificial passive (1)

A
  • Natural active; the primary and secondary immune response, where the body produces its own antibodies. (1)
  • Natural passive; process is natural, but antibodies are not actively produced. The main example is fetuses, who inherit antibodies from their mother (via the placenta). (1
  • Artificial active; The immune system is stimulated, unnaturally, to produce its own antibodies, usually by vaccines. (1)
  • Artificial passive; Antibodies may be directly injected into an individual, providing temporary immunity. (1)

Biology (10 decks)

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