Basic components of living systems Flashcards

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1
Q

What is the purpose of the nucleus and how does it affect cell metabolism? (2)

A
  • Contains genetic information in the form of DNA. (1)
  • Directs the synthesis of proteins (vital for cell metabolism). (1)
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2
Q

Fill in the blanks:

DNA associates with proteins called histones to form ___. This coils and condenses forming ___. (2)

A
  • Chromatin (1)
  • Chromosomes (1)
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3
Q

The nucleolus is responsible for creating ribosomes. How does it do this? (2)

A
  • The nucleolus contains RNA and proteins. (1)
  • rRNA is formed and combined with the proteins to form ribosomes. (1)
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4
Q

Fill in the blanks about mitochondria (3):

Mitochondria is the site of the final stages of c___ r___. This is done by the production of ___. The amount of mitochondria in a cell reflects the amount of ___ used by the cell.

A
  • Cellular respiration (1)
  • ATP (1)
  • Energy (1)
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5
Q

What are vesicles and lysosomes? (3)

A
  • Vesicles are (membranous) sacs that transport materials in the cell. (1)
  • Lysosomes are a type of vesicle containing hydrolytic enzymes. (1)
  • Hydrolytic enzymes break down waste material in the cell/pathogens. (1)
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6
Q

What are the three components of the cytoskeleton (smallest to largest)? (1)

Describe the main functions of each. (3)

A
  • Microfilaments; cell movement. (1)
  • Intermediate fibres; mechanical strength. (1)
  • Microtubules; structural support (shape of cell)/tracks for the movement of organelles around the cell/forms spindle fibres in cell division. (1)
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7
Q

What are centrioles and what is their main function? (1)

Two centrioles form a ___. (1)

A

Structures composed of microtubules (1) that helps organise/assemble spindle fibres during cell divsion. (1)

Centrosome. (1)

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8
Q

What are flagella responsible for? (1)

A

Cell motility/detecting chemical changes (1)

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9
Q

Explain the different functions of smooth and rough endoplasmic reticulum. (2)

A
  • SER; lipid and carbohydrate synthesis and storage. (1)
  • RER; ribosomes bound to surface that facilitate the synthesis of proteins and their transport. (1)
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10
Q

What is the function of the golgi apparatus? (1)

A

Modifies and ‘packages’ proteins into vesicles (secretory vesicles or lysosomes). (1)

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11
Q

Fill in the blanks about vacuoles (4):

Vacuoles are ___ lined sacs that contain cell ___. They are important in many plant cells in the maintenance of ___, maintaining the rigid structure of the cell. The membrane of the vacuole, the ___, is selectively permeable.

A
  • Membrane (1)
  • Sap (1)
  • Turgor (1)
  • Tonoplast (1)
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12
Q

What is the fluid enclosed in chloroplasts called? (1)

What are grana? (1)

What is the purpose of grana? (1)

A
  • Stroma (1)
  • Stacked thykaloids that are connected by lamellae (internal network of membranes). (1)
  • Membranes maximise surface area for enzymes, proteins and chlorophyll (which are needed in photosynthesis). (1)
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13
Q

What are the differences between how DNA is present in prokaryotes and eukaryotes. (4)

A
  • In prokaryotes; DNA is stored in the cytoplasm (1), coiled. (1) (Some DNA is stored as plasmids.)
  • In eukaryotes; DNA is stored in the nucleolus (1) and is linear. (1)
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14
Q

What is the difference between ribosomes in eukaryotes and prokaryotes. (1)

A

Eukaryotes have bigger ribosomes/eukaryotes have 80S ribosomes while prokaryotes have 70S ribosomes. (1)

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15
Q

The cell walls of plant cells are made out of cellulose - what are the cell walls of prokaryotes made from? (1)

A

Peptidoglycan/murein (1)

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16
Q

Prokaryotes lack mitochondria, but still use ATP - how? (1)

A

ATP is supplied by chemiosmosis. (1)

17
Q
A