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Bio > Communicable disease and drugs > Flashcards

Communicable disease and drugs Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What’s in a vaccine?

A

Small amount of dead or inactive pathogens

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2
Q

What part of a pathogen stimulates the white blood cells?

A

The antigens

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3
Q

How do vaccines help when you are exposed to the fully active pathogen in the future?

A

They allow your body to produce more antibodies and faster

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4
Q

What is herd immunity?

A

When a large proportion of the population is immune to a pathogen so the spread of the pathogen is reduced

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5
Q

How were drug made in the past?

A

From plants or microorganisms

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6
Q

What was an early example of painkillers?

A

Chewing on a beaver tail because the glands contain chemicals from the willow tree

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7
Q

What were foxgloves used for?

A

Digitalis to strengthen the heart for people with heart problems

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8
Q

Where was aspirin found?

A

In willow trees

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9
Q

Where was penicillin found?

A

In the mushroom penicillium

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10
Q

What are the 3 things drugs are tested for?

A

Toxicity: how poisonous it is
Efficacy: how useful it is
Dosage: how much of the drug you need

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11
Q

How are most drugs made now?

A

Synthesized in a lab using chemicals

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12
Q

What is the name of the fruit which was widely used for infections in tribes?

A

‘Noni Fruit’

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13
Q

What are the stages of drug testing?

A

Pre-Clinical: tested on cells, tissues and live animals
Clinical: Low dose and then high dose on humans
Double blind test: testing for the effectiveness and placebo effect

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14
Q

What is the double blind test?

A

Some people are given the real drug and some given a fake drug and tested on them. A statistician then determines the effectiveness of the drug based on the reactions

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15
Q

What is a lymphocyte?

A

A white blood cell

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16
Q

What is a hybridoma cell?

A

A combined lymphocyte and tumour cell which can survive long periods in culture

17
Q

What is a monoclonal antibody?

A

Clones of a bodies antibodies that are made in labs which are used to stimulate your immune system

18
Q

How do monoclonal antibodies help with pregnancy tests?

A

they bind to the hormones that are produced in the early stages in pregnancy. This allows the test to change colour based on whether traces of the hormone are found in the urine

19
Q

How do monoclonal antibodies help with pregnancy tests?

A

they bind to the hormones that are produced in the early stages in pregnancy. This allows the test to change colour based on whether traces of the hormone are found in the urine

20
Q

What are 4 uses of monoclonal antibodies?

A

Pregnancy tests
Identifying tissues with dyes
Treating cancer and other disease
Measuring hormone levels

21
Q

How are MAbs used in pregnancy tests?

A

If HGC is present in the urine it will bind to the antibody which contains a dye to indicate positive tests

22
Q

How are MAbs used to treat cancer?

A

The antibody can be bound to a radioactive substance, a toxic drug or a chemical to stop cells growing and dividing

23
Q

What are the advantages and disadvantages of using MAbs to treat cancer?

A

Advantages: only binds to the cells which need treatment so healthy cells are not affected
Disadvantages: currently some harmful side effects

24
Q

What is the spread and symptoms of measles?

A

spread: inhaling droplets from an infected persons sneeze or cough
symptoms: fever , red skin rash

25
Q

What is the spread and symptoms of HIV?

A

spread: sexual contact, exchange of fluids
symptoms: flu like illness, can cause AIDS and death

26
Q

What is the spread and symptoms of TMV?

A

spread: contact of plants, vectors, soil
symptoms: discolored leaves in mosaic pattern, reduced growth

27
Q

What is the spread and symptoms + preventions of salmonella?

A

spread by bacteria on infected foods
symptoms: fever, cramps, vomiting and diarrhoea
prevention: cook thoroughly

28
Q

What is the spread and symptoms + preventions of gonorrhoea?

A

spread by unprotected sex
symptoms: thick yellow discharge, pain when urinating
prevention/ treatment: antibiotics, use a barrier method

29
Q

What is the spread and symptoms + preventions of rose black spot?

A

spread by touch of plants
symptoms: spots on leaves , shunted growth
prevention: burn + remove infected plants, using fungicides

30
Q

What is the spread and symptoms + preventions of malaria?

A

spread: mosquitos who carry the pathogen
symptoms: fever, can be fatal
prevention/ treatment: stop mosquitos breeding, mosquito nets, anti malarial medicine

31
Q

What are the 3 physical plant defences?

A

Cellulose walls, waxy cuticle, outer bark

32
Q

What are the 2 chemical barriers in plant defence?

A

Antibacterial
Poison

33
Q

What are the 3 mechanical adaptations of plant defences?

A

Thorns and hairs
Drooping leaves when touched
Mimicking appearances

34
Q

What are the signs a plant is diseased?

A

Stunted growth
Spots on leaves
Rot/ Decay
Malformed stems
Discolouration
Growths
Pest infestations

35
Q

What are the 3 ways of identifying plant diseases?

A

Gardening manuals,
Lab tests
Testing kits

36
Q

What are aphids?

A

Insects who suck sap from the stems of plants. This leads to : less growth, wilting leaves, discoloured leaves

37
Q

What is the definition of health?

A

Combination of physical and mental well being

38
Q

What causes poor health?

A

Disease, stress, bad diet

39
Q

What are the defence mechanisms in the human body?

A

Tears: contain enzymes to destroy pathogens
Eyelids: acts as a shield and catches pathogens
Mucus: catches the pathogen
Phlegm: catches pathogen
Cilia: beats away the pathogens
Stomach: acid burns pathogens
White blood cells
Platelets: clot and form a scab when there is a cut

Bio (4 decks)

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