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Bio Mod 4 > Communicable Disease > Flashcards

Communicable Disease Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What is tuberculosis?

A

A bacterial infection that kills cells and tissues; most commonly in the lungs

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2
Q

What is bacterial meningitis?

A

Infection of the meninges (membranes surrounding the brain and spinal cord) causing them to become swollen, damaging the brain

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3
Q

What is ring rot?

A

Caused by bacteria, ring of decay in the vascular tissue of a potato or tomato, accompanied by leaf wilting

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4
Q

What is HIV/AIDS?

A

A virus which attacks cells in the immune system and compromises the immune response

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5
Q

What is influenza?

A

A virus which attacks the respiratory system causing muscle pain and headaches

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6
Q

What is tobacco mosaic virus?

A

A virus which causes mottling and discolouration of leaves

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7
Q

What is black Sigatoka?

A

A fungus causing leaf spots on banana plants

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8
Q

What is blight?

A

A protist which affects tomato leaves and potato tubers

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9
Q

What is ringworm? (Cattle)

A

Growth of fungus in the skin, spores erupt through the skin creating a rash

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10
Q

What is athletes foot?

A

Growth of fungus under the skin on the foot

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11
Q

What is malaria?

A

Caused by a protist; parasite in the blood causing headache and fever and may progress to death

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12
Q

What is fungi?

A

A pathogen
Often lives in the skin of an animal where they grow hyphae to form a mycelium.
Specialised hyphae can grow to the surface of the skin to release spores.

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13
Q

What are bacteria?

A

A type of pathogen

They multiply quickly and cause disease by releasing toxins or damaging cells

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14
Q

What are viruses?

A

A type of pathogen
They invade cells and take over the genetics of the cell
They cause the host cell to replicate copies of the virus
The host cell eventually bursts

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15
Q

What are 4 means of transmission?

A
  • direct physical touch(person to person/person to surface)
  • oral transmission(eg. Cholera or salmonella)
  • droplet infection through coughing and sneezing (eg. Tuberculosis and influenza)
  • transmission by spores
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16
Q

What are some social factors effecting transmission?

A
  • overcrowding
  • poor ventilation
  • poor diet
  • homelessness
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17
Q

What is a vector?

A

Another organism that is used by the pathogen to gain entry to the primary host

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18
Q

Explain the transmission of malaria

A
  • Female anopheles mosquito sucks blood of an infected person
  • plasmodium migrates to salivary glands
  • uninfected person is bitten
  • plasmodium migrated to the liver
  • plasmodium migrated to blood
  • person becomes infected
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19
Q

How does climate effect the spread of disease?

A

Many protoctists bacteria and fungi can grow and reproduce more rapidly in warm and moist conditions. In cooler climates the pathogens may be damaged

20
Q

Explain the process of keratinisation?

A

Keratinocytes are made at the base of the epidermis and migrate to the surface of the skin. As they migrate they dry out and the cytoplasm is replaced by keratin

21
Q

Explain the process of blood clotting?

A

Damage to the blood vessel causes exposure to collagen which releases clotting factors
Platelets form a plug at the cut
Prothrombin is converted to thrombin which causes soluble fibrinogen in the blood to become insoluble fibrinogen
The fibres attach to platelets creating a mesh

22
Q

How do mucous membranes act as a primary defence in the body?

A

Epithelial layer contains goblet cells which secrete mucus aswell as extra mucus-secreting glands under the epithelium.
Mucus traps pathogens
The ciliated cells of the epithelium have cilia which waft the mucus up to the oesophagus where it is swallowed
HCl in the stomach kills the bacteria

23
Q

Explain inflammation

A

Presence of microorganisms is detected by mast cells which release histamine
Histamine causes vasodilation which causes capillary walls to become more permeable to white blood cells
Increased tissue fluid leads to swelling

24
Q

What are opsonins?

A

They are protein molecules which attach to antigens on the surface of a pathogen. They act as binding sites for phagocytes

25
Q

What are neutrophils? Explain their function

A

A type of phagocyte with a multi-lobed nucleus and many lysosomes
They bind to opsonins and engulf the pathogen through endocytosis
Lysosome fuses with the phagosome to release lyric enzymes which digest the pathogen

26
Q

What are macrophages?

A

They are larger than neutrophils
When they engulf a pathogen they don’t fully digest it
Antigen from the surface is saved and presented on the surface of the cell so that other cells in the immune system can recognise - becomes an antigen presenting cell

27
Q

What are the types of T lymphocytes?

A

T helper cells- release cytokines that stimulate B cells to develop phagocytes for phagocytosis
T killer cells- attach and kill host body cells that display the foreign antigen
T memory cells- provide long term immunity
T regulator cells- shut down the immune response after the pathogen has been successfully removed

28
Q

What are the types of B lymphocytes?

A

Plasma cells- circulate in the blood manufacturing and releasing antibodies
B memory cells- remain in the body for a number of years providing immunological memory

29
Q

What are monokines?

A

A type of cytokine released by macrophages

Stimulate B cells o differentiate into plasma cells and release antibodies

30
Q

What are interleukins?

A

A type of cytokine released by T cells and macrophages which stimulate clonal expansion (proliferation) and differentiation of B and T cells

31
Q

What are the steps to the specific immune response?

A 
Clonal selection-T and B lymphocytes detect the antigens on pathogens contact occurs between the antigen and the lymphocytes
Clonal expansion(proliferation)- mitosis occurs when the correct lymphocytes have been activated, t helper cells stimulate B cells to divide
Differentiation occurs- clones of the lymphocytes develop into a range of useful cells
32
Q

Explain the structure of an antibody

A

Y shaped, consisting of 4 polypeptide chains
Light polypeptide chains make up the outer top branches of the Y
Heavy polypeptide chains make up the middle/bottom of the Y
Disulfide bridges hold the chains together
Hinge region allows flexibility
The variable region is at the top
The constant region is made up of the polypeptide chains

33
Q

What are agglutinins?

A

Type of antibody which can ‘crosslink’ / bind to two pathogens antigen because of the two binding sites

34
Q

What are antitoxins?

A

Bind to toxins released by pathogenic cells, rendering them harmless

35
Q

What is the primary immune response?

A

Antibodies are produced in response to first infection, takes a number of days for the number of antibodies in the blood rise to a level that can combat the infection

36
Q

What is the secondary immune response?

A

B memory and T memory cells circling the blood can recognise the specific antigen and can produce antibodies more quickly, concentration of antibodies increases faster and to a higher concentration.

37
Q

Explain herd vaccination

A

Once enough people have been vaccinated a disease can no longer be spread throughout the population

38
Q

What is ring vaccination?

A

Involves vaccinating all people in the immediate vicinity of a bee case of disease/infection

39
Q

What are the different forms of antigenic material used in vaccines?

A
  • whole live microorganisms that have similar antigens to the more harmful pathogen
  • a weakened version of the pathogen
  • a dead pathogen
  • antigens from the pathogen
  • harmless versions of a toxin
40
Q

What is the result of genetic mutations to pathogens?

A

Their antigens can change which means the pathogen can be transmitted, an epidemic may arise

41
Q

What is active natural immunity?

A

Immunity provided by antibodies in the body as a result of infection

42
Q

What is natural passive immunity?

A

Antibodies provided via the placenta or breast milk- baby becomes immune

43
Q

What is artificial active immunity?

A

Immunity provided by antibodies made in the immune system as a result of a vaccine

44
Q

What is passive artificial immunity?

A

Immunity provided by the injection of antibodies made by another individual

45
Q

What is is penicillin?

A

A fungus discovered by Fleming to kill bacteria

46
Q

What is synthetic biology?

A

The development of new molecules(particularly enzymes) which mimic other biological systems

47
Q

What is personalised medicine?

A

Genomes are screened to identify potential medicinal compounds from the DNA sequences

Bio Mod 4 (2 decks)

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