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Bio Mod 4 > Biodiversity > Flashcards

Biodiversity Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What is biodiversity?

A

Measure of all the different plant, animal, fungus and microorganism (variation) found in the world

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2
Q

What is a habitat?

A

Where an organism lives

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3
Q

What is species biodiversity?

A

A measure of how frequent each different species is within a habitat. Species biodiversity is higher in a habitat with 2 species with large populations than in a habitat with 2 species where the population of one dominates the other.

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4
Q

What is genetic biodiversity?

A

Variation between individuals belonging to the same species as a product of different genotypes and therefore phenotypes

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5
Q

How is random sampling carried out?

A

Randomly generated numbers as coordinates for the area you’re studying

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6
Q

What is an advantage and disadvantage of random sampling?

A

-may not cover all areas of the habitat equally species with a low presence may be missed
+ensures there’s no bias

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7
Q

What is opportunistic sampling?

A

When the researcher makes sampling decisions based on prior knowledge

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8
Q

What is an advantage and disadvantage of opportunistic sampling?

A

-biased data could lead to overestimate of biodiversity

+easier and quicker than random sampling

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9
Q

What is stratified sampling?

A

Dividing a habitat into areas which appear different and categorising to find the biodiversity in each area

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10
Q

What is an advantage and disadvantage of stratified sampling?

A

-over-representation of some areas in the sample

+ensures that all areas of a habitat are sampled

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11
Q

What is systematic sampling?

A

When samples are taken at fixed intervals across a habitat eg. Line transects and belt transects

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12
Q

What is an advantage and disadvantage of systematic sampling?

A

-may miss species, underestimate biodiversity

+useful when there is a gradient in an environmental factor

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13
Q

How can you sample using random quadrats?

A

Generated coordinates is where you place the quadrat
Identify the plants found and calculate the percentage cover as a measure of their abundance, this is possible due to the quadrat being divided like a grid

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14
Q

How can you sample using a transect? What are the 3 different ways?

A

Stretch a long string or tape across a habitat and record the plants touching the line at set intervals along it
Interrupted belt transect- using a quadrat to measure biodiversity at set intervals
Continuous belt transect- using a quadrat and moving it along the line to measure biodiversity

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15
Q

What is a pitfall trap?

A

A trap set in the soil to catch small animals any animals moving through the plants or leaf litter will fall into the container. The trap should contain a little water to prevent the animals from crawling out

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16
Q

What is a Tullgren funnel?

A

Place leaf litter in a funnel, a light above the little drives the animals down as the litter dries out and warms up, they then fall through a mesh screen to be collected in a jar underneath the funnel.

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17
Q

How can you figure out the population of a species using the mark-and-recapture techniques?

A
  • Using a longworth trap you capture a sample of animals (C1)
  • mark each individual in a way that causes no harm
  • release the marked animals and leave the traps for another period of time
  • the number captured on the second occasion is C2
  • the number already marked captured on the second occasion is C3

(C1 x C2)
—————
C3

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18
Q

Why is the mark-and-recapture potentially an inaccurate estimate?

A

Affected by animals who learn the trap is harmless and contains food
Affected by animals who avoid the trap due to bad experience

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19
Q

What is species richness?

A

The number of species found in a habitat

20
Q

What is species evenness?

A

The number of individuals in each species being fairly constant across all species in a habitat

21
Q

What will a high value of simpsons index indicate?

A

A diverse habitat

- low value for simpsons index therefore represents a habitat dominated by a few species

22
Q

What could a small change in environment lead to in a habitat with lower species biodiversity?

A

If this change in environment affects the dominant species, the whole habitat could be destroyed

23
Q

When is genetic biodiversity found?

A

Based on a range in observable features within a population

  • Found when there is more than one allele for a particular locus
  • This means there will be more genetic differences between the gametes produced by members of the population
24
Q

How can you calculate genetic diversity?

A

Number of polymorphic gene loci
——————————————————
total number of loci

X100

25
Q

How has human population growth affected biodiversity?

A
  • alter ecosystems to extrapolate food for ourselves
  • we destroy habitats for resources or for living space
  • we pollute the atmosphere
26
Q

How does agriculture effect biodiversity?

A

Clearing natural vegetation reduces the size of habitats and the population size of any species within that habitat. This reduces genetic diversity which gives the species less capacity to adapt to changing conditions through evolution

27
Q

What is monoculture?

A
  • A crop consisting of one strain of the species- limited genetic diversity.
  • This makes the product easier to harvest.
28
Q

What is genetic erosion?

A

A product of selective breeding when certain breeds or individuals with characteristics that are ignored may die out- reducing genetic diversity

29
Q

What are some obstructions to migration?

A
  • major human development
  • agricultural land
  • mountain ranges
  • large bodies of water
30
Q

What is a keystone species?

A

A species which has a disproportionately large effect on its natural environment relative to its abundance

31
Q

What is conservation in situ?

A
  • Conserving species in their natural habitat

- involves attempting to minimise the human impact on the natural environment

32
Q

What are the ways of maintaining in situ conservation?

A
  • Legislation:stop legal activities such as hunting and clearing land for the development of agriculture
  • wildlife reserves in Africa
  • wildlife reserves in the UK: SSSI, natural nature reserves, national parks, marine conservation zones
33
Q

What are some advantages of in situ conservation?

A
  • conserved in natural environment, no disruption to species
  • permanently protects biodiversity
  • allows for scientific research
34
Q

What are some disadvantages of in situ conservation?

A
  • endangered habitats may be fragmented, not large enough to ensure survival
  • conditions to cause habitat or species to become endangered may still be present-less control
35
Q

What is conservation ex situ?

A

Conserving endangered species by activities that take place outside their natural habitat

36
Q

What is an example of ex situ conservation of animals?

A

Zoos which now play an important role in conservation and prefer to be referred to as ‘wildlife parks’
-Carry out artificial insemination, in vitro fertilisation and embryo-transfer which can be shared with other members of organisations

37
Q

What are some advantages of ex situ conservation of animals?

A
  • organisms are protected from poaching and predation
  • health of individuals can be monitored
  • populations can be divided to ensure the death of one population will not have a knock on effect
  • selective breeding can be carried out to increase genetic biodiversity
38
Q

What are some disadvantages of ex situ conservation?

A
  • captive population is likely to have limited biodiversity
  • animals exposed to diseases
  • not within natural habitat
  • expensive to maintain a suitable environment
  • may be distressing for animals leading to abnormal behaviours and difficulty reproducing
39
Q

What are botanic gardens? How do they conserve?

A

Ex situ conservation of plants

  • dormant stage(seeds) of plants can be collected from the wild without causing much disturbance
  • these seeds can be stored(little space required) and germinated in protected surroundings
  • captive-bred plants can be replanted in the wild
40
Q

What are some disadvantages of botanic gardens?

A
  • expensive to maintain appropriate environment, less funding from sponsors
  • seeds stored for too long may not be viable
  • seeds collected may not have a representative level of genetic diversity
41
Q

What are seed banks?

A

Contain seeds that remain viable for decades

-seeds are used to provide a wide range of benefits for humanity

42
Q

How are seeds stored in order to be preserved?

A

Very dry or freezing conditions
-for every 1% decrease in seed moisture the life span doubles
-for every 5 degree C decrease in temp the life span doubles
Seeds germination must be checked at regular intervals

43
Q

What is CITES?

A

An international agreement between the majority of governments in the world
Aims:
-regulate and monitor international trade in selected species of plants and animals
-ensure that international trade does not endanger the survival of populations in the wild

44
Q

What is the Rio convention on biological diversity?

A

Was signed by 150 gov leaders and is dedicated to promoting sustainable development. Recognises that biological diversity also takes into account people and our need for resources
Aims:
-sustainable use of biological components
-appropriate sharing of technologies genetic resources and knowledge

45
Q

What is the countryside stewardship scheme?

A

Introduced in England, aims:

  • improve opportunities for public access
  • enhance and restore targeted landscapes

This was overruled by the environmental stewardship scheme which ensured that traditional livestock and crops are conserved (beneficial for farmers)

46
Q

What is repopulation?

A

Where biodiversity has been lost it is possible to rebuild it

47
Q

How do natural ecosystems perform processes that are of value to humans?

A
  • regulation of climate and atmosphere
  • purification of fresh water
  • formation of soil
  • crop pollination
  • growth of timber, food and fuel
  • potential medicines

Bio Mod 4 (2 decks)

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