Common Practice Period (Classical-Romantic) Flashcards
18th Century Concepts of Science, Religion, and Nature
- “Classicism” - Construct an ideal vision of life/nature in tune with enlightenment
- Imitation of Ancient Greek ideals
- Separation of church and state
18th Century Factors of Musical Change
•Population Expanded after 1750, new agriculture from new world
•Larger middle class, gentrification of poor. Satirization/criticism of the wealthy elite
•Enlightenment - rationalism, reason+experience to solve problems. Highlighted inequalities between classes, led to French Revolution
•Progress=understanding of classical art
MUSIC
•PIano/chamber/vocal works written for amateurs
• Composers write for sophistication/amateurs in mind
• Shorter musical phrases, digestible material compared to Baroque
• Comic operas
19th Century Factors of Musical change
- Larger middle class, ability to purchase instruments/make music at home.
- Publishing boom and lithography
- Industrial revolution - instrument manufacturing
- Piano: Steam power/mass production, piano design (damper pedal), higher string tension.
- Harp: pedal mechanism
- Better tuning w/flutes, trumpets, clarinets, invention of saxophone.
- Romanticism - extreme emotions, individuality - test limits of expression
Rococo
- CPE Bach, Sammartini
- Clear melodies, often with lots of Ornamentation
- Based off highly ornamented architecture
Nationalism
- Began in Early 19th century
- Political independence
- Reaction against dominance of mainstream European
- Germany: Wagner, Carl Maria von Weber
- Italy: Verdi, Resphigi
- Russian 5 (break free from W. European forms): Cesar Cui,
- Mussorgsky, Rimsky-Korsakov, Borodin, Balakirev
- Hungary: Bartok
Impressionism
Debussy / Ravel
• Evoking mood through motifs, harmonies, specific scales (penta/whole-tone)
• depicting images through colors
• Pitch collections (often contrasting, esp Debussy)
Wagnerian musical characteristics
- Leitmotifs - associated with characters, moods, or emotions.
- Stretching boundaries of traditional, functional harmony
Austro-German musical characteristics
- Vienna - cosmopolitan environment attracted artists
- Haydn, Mozart
- Symphonies, keyboard pieces, vocal works, operas (Mozart)
- Sonata form, clear phrases, clear melodies
Solo Keyboard music - 1700s
- Bach 1720-1750- Preludes/fugues, organ pieces, toccatas
- Jaquet de la Guerre (1687)- French keyboard suite
- Scarlatti “Sonatas” (1740s)
- Mozart “Sonata in F major” (1781)
French dance suite
- Prelude
- Allemande
- Courante
- Sarabande
- Gigue
- Chaconne
- Gavotte
- Menuet
Opera (1700-1900)
- Rameau - “Hippolyte et Aricie” (1733)
- Handel - “Giulio Cesare” (1724)
- Pergolesi “La Serva Padrona” (1733)
- John Gay “Beggar’s Opera” (1728)
- Gluck “Orfeo ed Euridice” (1762)
- Mozart “Don Giovanni” (1787)
- Rossini “Barbiere di Siviglia” (
- von Weber “Der Freischutz” (1817-21)
- Verdi “La Traviata” (1853)
- Wagner “Tristan” (1857-59)
- Bizet “Carmen” (1873)
- Mussorgsky “Boris Godunov” (1871)
- Sullivan “Pirates of Penzance” (1879)
Symphonies - 1700s
- Sammartini - “Symphony in F major”
- Stamitz - “Sinfonia a 8”
- Haydn “92”
Symphonies - 1800s
- Beethoven “Eroica” (1803)
- Berlioz “Symphony fantastique” (1830)
- Brahms “Symphony 4” (1884-85)
- Strauss “Don Quixote” (1897)
Solo Keyboard music - 1800s
- Beethoven - Sonatas, etc (1797)
- Schubert - Songs w/piano (1814-1830s)
- Chopin - “mazurkas”, etc (1830s)
- Schumann - Same (1840s)
- Liszt - Etudes (1840s-50s)
- Gottschalk “Souvenir de Porto Rico” (1857)
Chamber Music - 1800s
- Beethoven “String Quartet C# minor” (1826)
* Clara Schumann “Piano Trio in G minor” (1846)
