Common Exam Questions Flashcards
Foreign travel, night sweats, erythema nodosum is most likely to signify what disease?
TB
Similar signs to TB but with ‘bilateral hilar lymphadenopathy’ is likely to be what?
Sarcoidosis
What hormone(s) are produced by squamous cell cancers?
Parathyroid hormone
What does excess parathyroid hormone like substances cause?
Hypercalcaemia- osteoporosis, headaches, confusion, thirst and constipation
What hormone(s) are produced by small cell tumours?
ADH and ACTH
What does excess ADH and ACTH like substances cause?
Hyponatremia- main symptom is confusion, and there is also increased water uptake
What happens to the osmolarity of urine and serum in small cell cancer?
Serum increased
Urine decreased
What type of lung tumour is commonly seen in non-smokers and causes a lot of mucus production?
Adenocarcinoma
What type of lung cancer is usually found peripherally?
Adenocarcinoma
What type of tumour causes sympathetic chain disruption? What can this result in?
Pancoast tumour- causes Horner’s syndrome
What 2 investigations can be used for achalasia?
Barium swallow and manometry
What are treatment options for achalasia?
Surgery (Heller’s myotomy), Ca++ blockers, diuretics, balloon dilatation
What investigation is used to look for bone metastases?
PET scan
What investigation is used for staging cancers?
CT scan
What tests can be used for DVT?
Ultrasound, d-dimers
How are the two ways you can calculate MABP?
((2x diastolic) + systolic) / 3
Diastolic + 1/3rd (systolic-diastolic)
How can you calculate cardiac output?
SV x HR
What are the 4 layers of the GI from internal to external?
Mucosa, submucosa, muscularis externa, serosa
What are the treatments for COPD exacerbation?
Ipratropium, salbutamol, oxygen, antibiotics, prednisolone
Except in emergencies, what level of oxygen is normally used for someone with COPD?
24-28% venturi mask
What could cause a young non-smoker to have symptoms of COPD and possible liver problems?
Alpha 1 anti-trypsin deficiency
Wilson’s disease causes an excess of what metal?
Copper
What liver problem can cause pigmented skin?
Haemochromatosis
Haemochromatosis gives excess of what metal?
Iron
What is the most common 2 types of pneumonia in immunocompromised patients?
Pneumocystis pneumonia, streptococcus pneumonia
What is ‘the number of total cases exposed to risk’?
Prevalence
What is ‘the number of new cases exposed to risk’?
Incidence
What is the treatment for TB?
2 months rifampicin, isoniazid, pyrazinamide, ethambutol then 4 months rifampicin and isoniazid
Which TB drug gives you red/orange tears and possibly flu-like symptoms?
Rifampicin
Which TB drug gives peripheral neuropathy?
Isoniazid
Which TB drug gives gout, arthralgia and myalgia?
Pyrazinamide
Which TB drug gives optic neuritis?
Ethambutol
What defines short bowel syndrome?
< 200cm
What produces antibodies?
Plasma cells
What is used to diagnose osteoporosis? When is this commonly used?
DEXA bone scan- to monitor patients on steroids and immunocompromised
What does HBaAg mean?
Patient is infected and infectious (if present for more than 6 months it defines chronic)
What does HBeAg mean?
Highly infectious individual
What does Anti-Hbe mean?
Immunity
When is a positive IgM test seen for Hep B?
Acute only
HBV DNA is an indicator of what?
Infectivity and prognosis
What are the 3 levels of treatment for a mild (< 2cm) pneumothorax?
Consider discharge Needle aspiration Chest drain (4-5th intercostal space mid-axillary line)
What is the treatment for a severe pneumothorax (> 2cm) in a patient > 50 years or symptomatic?
Insert chest drain
What is the treatment for a severe pneumothorax (> 2cm) in a patient < 50 years or asymptomatic?
Needle aspiration
What is the first and second line treatment for a tension pneumothorax?
- Needle decompression
2. Chest drain 2nd intercostal space mid-clavicular line
What is a pleural effusion with protein level > 30g/L?
Exudate
What is a pleural effusion with protein level < 30g/L?
Transudate
