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Buzzwords > Common Exam Questions > Flashcards

Common Exam Questions Flashcards

1
Q

Foreign travel, night sweats, erythema nodosum is most likely to signify what disease?

A

TB

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2
Q

Similar signs to TB but with ‘bilateral hilar lymphadenopathy’ is likely to be what?

A

Sarcoidosis

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3
Q

What hormone(s) are produced by squamous cell cancers?

A

Parathyroid hormone

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4
Q

What does excess parathyroid hormone like substances cause?

A

Hypercalcaemia- osteoporosis, headaches, confusion, thirst and constipation

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5
Q

What hormone(s) are produced by small cell tumours?

A

ADH and ACTH

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6
Q

What does excess ADH and ACTH like substances cause?

A

Hyponatremia- main symptom is confusion, and there is also increased water uptake

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7
Q

What happens to the osmolarity of urine and serum in small cell cancer?

A

Serum increased

Urine decreased

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8
Q

What type of lung tumour is commonly seen in non-smokers and causes a lot of mucus production?

A

Adenocarcinoma

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9
Q

What type of lung cancer is usually found peripherally?

A

Adenocarcinoma

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10
Q

What type of tumour causes sympathetic chain disruption? What can this result in?

A

Pancoast tumour- causes Horner’s syndrome

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11
Q

What 2 investigations can be used for achalasia?

A

Barium swallow and manometry

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12
Q

What are treatment options for achalasia?

A

Surgery (Heller’s myotomy), Ca++ blockers, diuretics, balloon dilatation

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13
Q

What investigation is used to look for bone metastases?

A

PET scan

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14
Q

What investigation is used for staging cancers?

A

CT scan

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15
Q

What tests can be used for DVT?

A

Ultrasound, d-dimers

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16
Q

How are the two ways you can calculate MABP?

A

((2x diastolic) + systolic) / 3

Diastolic + 1/3rd (systolic-diastolic)

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17
Q

How can you calculate cardiac output?

A

SV x HR

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18
Q

What are the 4 layers of the GI from internal to external?

A

Mucosa, submucosa, muscularis externa, serosa

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19
Q

What are the treatments for COPD exacerbation?

A

Ipratropium, salbutamol, oxygen, antibiotics, prednisolone

20
Q

Except in emergencies, what level of oxygen is normally used for someone with COPD?

A

24-28% venturi mask

21
Q

What could cause a young non-smoker to have symptoms of COPD and possible liver problems?

A

Alpha 1 anti-trypsin deficiency

22
Q

Wilson’s disease causes an excess of what metal?

A

Copper

23
Q

What liver problem can cause pigmented skin?

A

Haemochromatosis

24
Q

Haemochromatosis gives excess of what metal?

A

Iron

25
Q

What is the most common 2 types of pneumonia in immunocompromised patients?

A

Pneumocystis pneumonia, streptococcus pneumonia

26
Q

What is ‘the number of total cases exposed to risk’?

A

Prevalence

27
Q

What is ‘the number of new cases exposed to risk’?

A

Incidence

28
Q

What is the treatment for TB?

A

2 months rifampicin, isoniazid, pyrazinamide, ethambutol then 4 months rifampicin and isoniazid

29
Q

Which TB drug gives you red/orange tears and possibly flu-like symptoms?

A

Rifampicin

30
Q

Which TB drug gives peripheral neuropathy?

A

Isoniazid

31
Q

Which TB drug gives gout, arthralgia and myalgia?

A

Pyrazinamide

32
Q

Which TB drug gives optic neuritis?

A

Ethambutol

33
Q

What defines short bowel syndrome?

A

< 200cm

34
Q

What produces antibodies?

A

Plasma cells

35
Q

What is used to diagnose osteoporosis? When is this commonly used?

A

DEXA bone scan- to monitor patients on steroids and immunocompromised

36
Q

What does HBaAg mean?

A

Patient is infected and infectious (if present for more than 6 months it defines chronic)

37
Q

What does HBeAg mean?

A

Highly infectious individual

38
Q

What does Anti-Hbe mean?

A

Immunity

39
Q

When is a positive IgM test seen for Hep B?

A

Acute only

40
Q

HBV DNA is an indicator of what?

A

Infectivity and prognosis

41
Q

What are the 3 levels of treatment for a mild (< 2cm) pneumothorax?

A 
Consider discharge
Needle aspiration
Chest drain (4-5th intercostal space mid-axillary line)
42
Q

What is the treatment for a severe pneumothorax (> 2cm) in a patient > 50 years or symptomatic?

A

Insert chest drain

43
Q

What is the treatment for a severe pneumothorax (> 2cm) in a patient < 50 years or asymptomatic?

A

Needle aspiration

44
Q

What is the first and second line treatment for a tension pneumothorax?

A
  1. Needle decompression

2. Chest drain 2nd intercostal space mid-clavicular line

45
Q

What is a pleural effusion with protein level > 30g/L?

A

Exudate

46
Q

What is a pleural effusion with protein level < 30g/L?

A

Transudate

Buzzwords (4 decks)

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