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Chiro Y4 - Diagnosis & Management > Common drugs > Flashcards

Common drugs Flashcards

1
Q

Felodipine

A

Calcium Channel Blocker
indication: hypertension
common side effect: cough

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2
Q

Salbutamol

A

Asthma reliever
“blue pump”
indication: asthma, COPD

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3
Q

Pulmicort

A

Budesonide corticosteroid inhaler
indication: asthma, COPD

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4
Q

Tiotropium

A

Bronchodilator
indication: asthma, COPD

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5
Q

Prednisolone

A

Steroid
indication: autoimmune conditions, incl: allergies, blood disorders, inflammatory processes, infections, certain cancers, prevent transplant organ rejection

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6
Q

Goserelin

A

luteinising hormone blocker
indication: prostate cancer, breast cancer

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7
Q

Carboplatin IV

A

chemotherapy treatment for different types of cancer

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8
Q

Cyclizine

A

anti-sickness tablets
indication: motion sickness, post-surgery, Ménière’s disease, before chemo therapy

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9
Q

MST

A

NSAID, Salicylate
Morphine sulphate
indication: prolonged relief of severe & intractable pain

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10
Q

Atorvastatin

A

Statin
indication: high cholesterol

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11
Q

Ramipril

A

ACE inhibitor
indication: hypertension

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12
Q

Bisoprolol

A

Beta Blockers
indication: hypertension

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13
Q

Sulfasalazine

A

Aminosalicylate, NSAID
Indication: ulcerative colitis, Crohn’s disease, other IBDs, RA

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14
Q

Methotrexate

A

Immunosuppressant & reduces inflammation
indication: RA, Psoriasis, Crohn’s disease

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15
Q

Folic acid

A

supplement
indication: anemia (folate deficiency), pregnancy (prevent spina bifida and other NT defects)
helps body make RBC

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16
Q

Lithium

A

Mood stabiliser
indication: mood disorders such as mania, hypomania, depression (if other treatments have failed), bipolar disorder

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17
Q

Olanzapine

A

antipsychotic
indication: schizophrenia, bipolar disorder

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18
Q

Ibandronic acid

A

Bisphosphonates
works by reducing activity of osteoclasts, reducing amount of calcium lost from bone to help blood levels return to normal
indication: myeloma, secondary cancer (mets)
Bisphosphonates are used to treat high calcium levels in blood from mets, bone weakness or pain caused by (breast) cancer which has metastasised

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19
Q

Adcal D3

A

OTC supplement
indication: Calcium or Vit D deficiency, osteoporosis
CONTRAINDICATED for hypercalcaemia from myeloma or bone metastasis

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20
Q

Omeprazole

A

Proton pump inhibitor
indication: heartburn, indigestion

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21
Q

Types of asthma medication

A

relievers and preventers

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22
Q

Reliever’s of asthma

A

immediate relief for chest tightness and SOB
main one: Salbutamol

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23
Q

How does Salbutamol work?

A

Acts on Beta-2-Receptors in the lungs, causes relaxation of bronchial smooth muscle and inhibits mast cells releasing hypersensitivity cell mediators

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24
Q

Salbutamol - Contraindications

A

hypersensitivity, in some cases milk protein allergy

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25
Q

Asthma - Long Term Control medication

A

corticosteroids, immcunomoulators, leukotriene modifiers, long acting beta agonists (LABAs)

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26
Q

Inhaled corticosteroids

A

asthma medication, most potent, consistently effective anti-inflammatory
fewer side effects than oral corticosteroids
regular use reduces need for quick relief medication
delay in actions

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27
Q

Working mechanism of inhaled corticosteroids

A
  1. reverses structural changes due to asthma (airway remodelling), including the increased vascularity of the bronchial wall
  2. down regulate pro inflammatory proteins
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28
Q

Less common meds for asthma

A

Immunomodulators, Leukotriene modifiers, long acting beta androgenic agonists (LABAAs)

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29
Q

Immunomodulators

A

used for asthma, RA, Crohn’s
injectible medication to decrease inflammation
used when corticosteroids are not effective
target specific aspects of inflammatory response: IgE, Cytokines, Eosinophils

30
Q

Leukotriene Modifiers

A

Leukotriene receptor antagonists - block action of leukotriene
used for asthma and COPD

31
Q

Long Acting Beta Androgenic Agonist

A

similar to salbutamol, block beta 1 receptors
used for asthma

32
Q

Thrombosis medication subdivisions:

A

venous thromboembolism, arterial thromboembolism

33
Q

Venous thromboembolism

A

common
may cause PE or mortality as a result of a post phlebitic limb
increases in prevalence over age of 50, diagnosis often missed

34
Q

Aim of treatment of DVT / venous thromboembolism

A
  1. allow normal circulation in the limbs, prevent damage to vein valves
  2. prevent PE
  3. prevent reoccurrence
35
Q

Most common cause of maternal death?

A

Pulmonary embolism

36
Q

Venous Thromboembolism Anticoagulants

A

Heparin, oral anticoagulants (warfarin)

37
Q

Heparins

A

Anticoagulant (DVT)
usually IV or subcutaneous
Side effects: significant risk of bleeding

38
Q

Warfarin

A

Anticoagulant (DVT)
Side effects: severe bleeding, red/brown urine, black stools, severe headache

39
Q

Arterial Thromboembolism

A

acute MI is the most common cause of acute arterial thrombosis
may be transient (TIA)
stroke mc caused by atherothromboembolism from the great vessels or from an embolism arising from the heart
associated with vascular injury (most likely due to the atheroma)

40
Q

Arterial thromboembolism affecting a limb

A

usually lower limb
often presents with sudden onset of pain in the limb w loss of peripheral pulses and coldness of the affected limb

41
Q

Arterial thromboembolism medications

A

Aspirin, Clopidogrel, Dipyridamole

42
Q

Aspirin

A

reduces production of thromboxane
well absorbed orally
Side effects: GI irritation, may induce asthma

43
Q

Clopidogrel

A

inhibits platelet aggregation
particularly used for individuals with atherosclerotic disease
good alternative to aspirin

44
Q

Dipyridamole

A

used in conjunction with oral anticoagulants for prophylaxis of thromboembolism associated with prosthetic heart valves
also used as prevention of Strokes and TIAs
Side effects: GI issues, flushing, hypotension

45
Q

Anxiety medication

A

Beta-blockers (off-label), SSRIs, Antipsychotic Drugs, Benzodiazepines

46
Q

Beta Blocker’s

A

hypertension medicaiton
off-label use: anxiety
example: propranolol

47
Q

SSRI

A

Selective Serotonin Reuptake inhibitor
particularly associated with depression
takes 2-4 weeks to take effect
example: citalopram, escitalopram, sertraline, fluoxetine

48
Q

Antipsychotic drugs

A

particularly in association with severe anxiety disorders associated with panic attacks
example: chloropromazine

49
Q

Benzodiazepines

A

short term management as long term: drug withdrawal
more commonly used for insomnia

50
Q

Affective disorders

A

Depression, Bipolar disorder

51
Q

Depression

A

low mood, loss of interest or please in normally enjoyable activities, no energy, anxiety, agitation, somatic system complaints (gastric issues, non-specific aches), reduced sexual drive, excessive sleeping & eating behaviour

52
Q

Anti-depressant medication

A

can also be used for: OCD, GAD, PTSD
SSRIs
SNRIs
NASSAd
TCAs
SARIs
MAOIs

53
Q

SNRI

A

anti-depressant medication
Serotonin- Noradrenaline Reuptake Inhibitors
examples: duloxetine, venlafaxine, milnacripran

54
Q

NASSAd

A

anti-depressant medication
Noradrenaline & Specific Serotonergenic Antidepressants

55
Q

TCAs (+mechanism)

A

Tricyclic Antidepressants
also used to treat neuropathic pain
mechanism: block the reuptake of serotonin and norepinephrine , act on post synaptic alpha cholinergic (alpha 1&2) receptors
examples: amitriptyline, clomipramine, lofepramine, imipramine

56
Q

SARIs

A

Serotonin Antagonists & Reuptake inhibitors

57
Q

MAOIs

A

Monoamine Oxidase Inhibitors

58
Q

Treatment of T2DM

A

depends on: degree of hyperglycemias, weight, age, renal function
medication available: Metformin, Repaglinide, Thiazolidinediones, Alpha-glucose inhibitors

59
Q

Fasting glucose levels and interpretation

A

7-11 mmol: need dietary advice and tailored exercise
12-17 mmol: may be treated successfully with diet an Doral hypoglycaemic agents initially, but often require insulin in the medium term
>17 mmol: will most likely require insulin

60
Q

Metformin

A

useful in obese pts as it doesn’t cause weight gain
acts directly and indirectly on the liver to lower glucose production

61
Q

Statins

A

mc cholesterol lowering drugs
used to aid lowering but first: diet (reduce saturated and trans fats, increase fibre, plant sterols), stop smoking, exercise
examples: atorvastatin, cerivastatin, fluvastatin, lovastatin

62
Q

Cholesterol

A

essential for human life
important component of cell membranes
lipophilic molecule -> transported in the blood alongside triglycerides inside lipoprotein particles

63
Q

LDL

A

Low density lipoprotein, aka “bad” cholesterol
majority of body’s cholesterol, high levels increase risk of heart disease and stroke
increases risk for premature atherosclerotic CV disease

64
Q

HDL

A

High density lipoprotein, aka “good” cholesterol
absorbs cholesterol in blood, carries it to liver, liver flushes it out
high HDL levels LOWER risk for heart disease and stroke

65
Q

Statins working mechanism

A
  1. blocking binding site of HMG-CoA which limits the cholesterol biosynthesis pathway
  2. increase the clearance of peripheral LDL’s
  3. improve endothelial function
  4. stabilise atherosclerotic plaques
  5. anti-inflammatory & antithrombotic effects
66
Q

Statin Side effects

A

Statin associated muscle pain
major reason for statin discontinuation

67
Q

Contraceptive medication options

A

combined estrogen & progesterone pill (Yasmin, marvelon, microgynon)
progesterone only pill (Femulen, Micronor, Norgeston)
Contraceptive patches
Contraceptive Injections
Contraceptive Implant
Coil

68
Q

Hormone Replacement Therapy

A

Estrogen therapy in the form of: oral, transdermal (patches), gel, subcutaneous (implants)

69
Q

Gabapentin

A

epilepsy medication, off-label use for nerve pain
particularly used in diabetic neuropathy and shingles
takes weeks to take effect, can be addictive, needs to be tapered off to avoid withdrawal

70
Q

Gabapentin mechanism

A

epilepsy: stops seizures by reducing abnormal heightened activity in the brain
neuropathic pain: (does not block GABA), thought to have an inhibitory effect on pain based on neuropathic pain models

71
Q

Gabapentin Side effects

A

usually none
some: tired, sleepy, dizzy (resolve by themselves)
not advised in: pregnancy, history of drug addiction or misuse, kidney disease pts

Chiro Y4 - Diagnosis & Management (5 decks)

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