Common Conditions Flashcards
Rheumatoid arthritis presentation
Ulnar deviation Z thumb Swan neck Boutonnière deformity Symmetrical Worse in am
Rheumatoid x ray features
Soft tissue swelling Periarticular osteoporosis Absence of osteophytes Deformity of joint Erosion of bone
Osteoarthritis features
Localised
Worse on use
Heberden’s nodes (dip)
Bouchard’s nodes (pip)
Osteoarthritis x ray
Loss of joint space
Osteophytes
Subchondral cysts
Subarticular sclerosis
Pleural effusion causes
Exudate: TB, pneumonia, malignancy, SLE, lymphoma
Transudate: heart failure, nephrotic syndrome, cirrhosis, constructive pericarditis, malabsorption
Pleural effusion S+S
SOB
chest pain
Stony dull percussion
Trachea deviation
Pulmonary embolism risk factors and causes
Venous thrombus clot breaking off Amniotic embolism Immobile Surgery Pregnant Previous PE or DVT
Pulmonary embolism S+S
Acute SOB Chest pain Haemoptysis Dizzy Pyrexia Tachy Raised JVP
Pulmonary embolism Tx
LMW heparin
Warfarin for min of 3 months
Heart failure causes
Constrictive pericarditis Pulmonary HTN (cor pulmonale) Pulmonary stenosis Post MI Anaemia Cardiomyopathy
Heart failure Ix
BNP
ECG
AF treatment
Rate control: beta-blocker, CCB or amiodarone
Rhythm control: cardioversion
Anticoagulant: warfarin
Mortal regurg
Causes: rheumatic fever, infective endocarditis, mitral prolapse, ruptured chordae tendinae, Marfan’s
Auscultation: displaced apex, pansystolic murmur, radiate to axilla
Aortic stenosis
Causes: Calcification, congenital, rheumatic fever
Presentation: SOB, angina, HF
Auscultation: local apex, ejection systolic murmur, radiate to carotid
Causes of hyperthyroidism
Graves Toxic adenoma Toxic multinodular goitre Ectopic thyroid tissue (cancer) Amiodarone Lithium
Causes of hypothyroidism
Post-thyroidectomy Amiodarone Lithium Iodine Hashimoto's thyroiditis Primary atrophic hypothyroidism
Hyperparathyroidism
Causes: adenoma, parathyroid cancer, low vit D, renal failure
S+S: tired, weak, thirsty, bone pain, fractures, HTN
Hypoparathyroidism
Causes: Autoimmune, calciterol, surgery, radiation, hypomagnesaemia
S+S: HYPOCALCAEMIA, seizure, spasm, anxious, wheeze, dysphasia, dermatitis, confused, perioral paraesthesia
Cushing
High ACTH due to pituitary adenoma.
S+S: fat, mood, acne, moon face, bruising, straei, buffalo neck hump, erectile dysfunction, irregular periods
Addison’s
Adrenal insufficiency
S+S: skinny, tired, weak, anorexic, dizzy, depressed, n+v, abdo pain, postural HTN
Acromegaly
High growth hormone from pituitary tumour
S+S: amenorrheoa, acroparasthesia, backache, headache, low libido, sweating, snoring, large hands, wide nose
