Common Cardio Resp Causes For... Flashcards
breathlessness
Cardio:
Acute coronary syndrome and angina
Congestive heart failure
Resp: COPD Pulmonary tumours Infective/ non-infective pneumonitis (bacterial, viral, fungal, tuberculous, eosinophilic, radiation, aspiration, hypersensitivity pneumonitis) Bronchiectasis Interstitial lung disease Sarcoidosis Asthma Bronchitis Laryngitis Epiglottitis Obstructive sleep apnoea Pulmonary embolism (thrombotic, air, amniotic fluid, tumour) Pleural effusion and pleural tumours
Other:
Anaemia
Gastro-oesophageal reflux disease
syncope
Cardio: Carotid sinus syncope Volume depletion e.g. From haemorrhage Cardiac arrhythmias Structural cardiac: valvular disease (e.g. aortic stenosis), Acute MI/ischaemia, Obstructive cardiomyopathy, Atrial myxoma, Acute aortic dissection, Pericardial disease/tamponade
Resp:
cardiopulmonary disease: Pulmonary embolus/pulmonary hypertension
Other: vasovagal, drugs/alcohol, addison’s
palpitation
Cardio: Sinus tachycardia Atrial tachycardia Atrial flutter Atrial fibrillation Atrioventricular nodal re-entrant tachycardia Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome (WPW) Ventricular premature beat Atrial premature beat
Resp:
Other: Anxiety and panic disorder Fever Hyperthyroidism Drugs Meeications
cough
Acute: Resp: Acute bronchitis Asthma COPD Influenza
Chronic:
Cardio:
Congestive heart failure
Resp:
Upper airway cough syndrome (postnasal drip)
Asthma
Non-asthmatic eosinophilic bronchitis (NAEB)
Chronic bronchitis
Pneumonia
Post-infectious cough
Other:
Gastro-oesophageal reflux disease (GORD)
Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor (ACE inhibitor)
sputum production
Cardio:
Resp: Infection - pneumonia Asthma COPD Cor pulmonale
Other:
CF
wheeze
Cardio:
Resp: Asthma (polyphonic) COPD Anaphylaxis Vocal cord paralysis Laryngeal stenosis
haemoptysis
Cardio:
Mitral valve stenosis
Left ventricular failure
Resp: Acute/chronic bronchitis Pulmonary tuberculosis Lung abscess Pneumonia Primary lung cancer Lung metastasis Bronchiectasis Pulmonary thromboembolism
Other: Anticoagulants, thrombolytic agents Toxic inhalation Coagulopathy Thrombocytopenia DIC
leg pain
Cardio: Peripheral artery blockage/ischaemia Peripheral vascular disease DVT Popliteal aneurysm
Resp:
PE
Other:
MSK/trauma
Soft tissue e.g. Cellulitis
oedema
Cardio: heart failure Cor pulmonale Deep venous thrombosis Chronic venous insufficiency
Resp:
Other: Nephrotic syndrome Cirrhosis Pregnancy Pre-menstrual oedema
chest pain
Cardio: MI (central, crushing, clammy) Angina (as above, brought on by execise) Dissecting aorta (ripping pain) Pericarditis (relieved by sitting up/forward, exacerbated by lying)
Resp: sharp chest pain, worse on insp & exp, accompanied by other symptoms such as a cough and breathlessness:
Peumonia
Pleurisy
PE
Other: GORD, MSK, anxiety
Acute dyspnoea
Asthma / COPD pulmonary oedema Pneumothorax PE Pneumonia
Clubbing
Lung disease:
Lung cancer, mainly non-small-cell
Interstitial lung disease, most commonly fibrosing alveolitis
Complicated tuberculosis
Suppurative lung disease: lung abscess, empyema, bronchiectasis, cystic fibrosis
Mesothelioma of the pleura
Arteriovenous fistula or malformation
Heart disease: (Any disease featuring chronic hypoxia)
Congenital cyanotic heart disease (most common cardiac cause)
Subacute bacterial endocarditis
Atrial myxoma (benign tumor)
Tetralogy of Fallot
Gastrointestinal and hepatobiliary:
Malabsorption
Crohn’s disease and ulcerative colitis
Cirrhosis, especially in primary biliary cirrhosis
Hepatopulmonary syndrome (complication of cirrhosis)
Others:
Graves’ disease (autoimmune hyperthyroidism) – in this case it is known as thyroid acropachy
Familial and racial clubbing and “pseudoclubbing” (people of African descent often have what appears to be clubbing)
Vascular anomalies of the affected arm such as an axillary artery aneurysm (in unilateral clubbing)
Chronic cough
Normal CXR
Reflux
post nasal drip
asthma
Bilateral hilar lymphadenopathy
Sarcoidosis
Infection (e.g. TB, mycoplasma)
Malignancy (e.g. Lymphoma, carcinoma, mediastinal tumours)
Organic dust disease (e.g. Silicosis, berylliosis)
Extrinsic allergic alveolitis
Histocytosis X
Granulomatous disease
Infections: bacterial (e.g. TB, leprosy, syphillis, catch scratch fever), fungal (e.g. Cryptococcus neoformans, coccidioides immitis), protozoal (e.g. Schistosomiasis)
Autoimmune: PBC, granulomatous orchitis)
Vasculitis: GCA, polyaerteritis nodosa, Takayasu’s arteritis, Wegner’s
Organic dust disease: sillicosis, berylliosis)
Idiopathic: CD, de Quervain’s thyroiditis, sarcoidosis
Extrinsic allergic alveolitis
Histiocytosis X
