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ID Exam 2 > Common bacterial infections > Flashcards

Common bacterial infections Flashcards

1
Q

This level of immunity is non-specific ie. has no memory

A

innate immunity

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2
Q

Types of innate immunity

A

Physical barrier
Phagocytic cells

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3
Q

Physical barrier criteria

A

a. Intact skin
b. Mucous membranes eg. Respiratory tract
c. Blood-brain barrier- tight junctions inhibit entry of organisms
via uninflamed tissues

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4
Q

Phagocytic cells criteria

A

a. Macrophages, Neutrophils, Natural killer cells
b. These cells produce proinflammatory cytokines. Eg. TNF,
IL-1, IL-6
c. Acute phase reactants are produced- eg. CRP

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5
Q

Types of adaptive immunity

A

Active and passive

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6
Q

Active vs. passive immunity

A

Passive immunity- preformed antibodies eg. Breast milk, serum globulin
Active immunity- exposure to an organism via direct exposure or a vaccine

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7
Q

B-cells and T-cell funtions

A

i. B cells produce antibodies- neutralize toxins, lyse bacteria, opsonization of bacteria
ii. T cells- cytotoxic destruction, activates macrophages, help B cells produce antibodies

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8
Q

Pathogenic vs. Opportunistic organisms

A

Pathogenic organism: Those in which cause disease
Opportunistic pathogen: Might cause disease if the conditions are right
Eg. Immunocompromised

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9
Q

What is a carrier state?

A

a person may have an asymptomatic infection, but serve as a reservoir for an infectious organism given to other individuals

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10
Q

Mycoplasma have ____, so cannot be classified with a gram stain

A

no cell wall

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11
Q

If bacteria do not have these enzymes, they cannot live in oxygen

A

superoxide dismutase, peroxidase, and catalase

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12
Q

_____ is used in the absence of oxygen to produce ATP.

A

Fermentation

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13
Q

T/F Bacterial species vary in the amounts of oxygen they are able to tolerate

A

T

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14
Q

_____- require oxygen to
grow, and uses the Krebs cycle

A

Obligate aerobes

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15
Q

______- aerobic bacteria that use oxygen if present, but use fermentation if oxygen is not present

A

Facultative anaerobes

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16
Q

_____- thrives in an environment with low oxygen

A

Microaerophilic

17
Q

______- unable to grow in
the presence of oxygen

A

Obligate anaerobe

18
Q

_____ - Chlamydia and Rickettsia lack ability to produce ATP

A

Obligate intracellular

19
Q

Characteristic symptoms of an anaerobic bacteria infection

A

Foul smelling discharge
Gas in the tissue
Necrotic Tissue

20
Q

Bacteria structure

A

● unicellular prokaryotic cells measuring about 0.2 to 5 µm.
● Lack a nucleus- single circular DNA strand called a nucleoid
● 70S ribosomes
● Bacterial ribosomes contain a 50S and 30S subunit
● Human cells have 80S ribosomes made up of 60S and 40S subunits
● Lack organelles (eg. Absent mitochondria)
● Cell wall (eg. Human cells have no cell wall)
● May contain plasmids
● Some are motile by means of their flagella
● Some bacteria are spore forming

21
Q

The lipopolysaccharide (LPS) layer of gram negative bacteria is an
_____

A

endotoxin

22
Q

Mycobacterium (eg. M. tuberculosis) are unique in that they contain layers of _____. These bacteria cannot be gram stained, so an ____ stain is used.

A

mycolic acid; acid-fast

23
Q

_____ are secreted by both gram positive and gram negative bacteria. These toxins are responsible for the symptoms and unique features of the illness which occur via the multitude of illnesses.

A

Exotoxins

24
Q

Gram positive bacteria cell wall

A

2 layers-
● Inner cytoplasmic membrane
● Thick outer peptidoglycan layer
● Teichoic acid

25
Q

Gram negative bacteria cell wall

A

3 layers
● Inner cytoplasmic membrane
● Periplasmic space
● Very thin middle peptidoglycan layer
● Outer membrane with LPS
● Contains no Teichoic acid

26
Q

Bacteria have multiple _____ which help them colonize, spread, and/or evade the immune system

A

virulence factors

27
Q

_____- loops of DNA which can replicate separately to the bacterial chromosome

A

Plasmids

28
Q

____- short strands or filaments that act as adhesins, allowing them to adhere to certain tissue

A

Pili

29
Q

______- gelatinous covering of the cell, allows resistance to phagocytosis. Responsible for the different serotypes within a bacteria
species. This is used for identification of the bacteria and as a target of vaccines. eg. Pneumonia vaccine (PCV), N. meningitidis vaccine

A

Capsules

30
Q

_____- allows for bacteria to be motile, allowing movement towards a nutrient source

A

Flagella

31
Q

_____- “glycocalyx” layer allows adherence to surfaces. eg. Skin, teeth (plaque), heart valves (endocarditis), prosthetic joints, catheters. P.
aeruginosa is a common problematic species in nosocomial infections. Difficult for antibiotics to penetrate.

A

Biofilms

32
Q

_____- form in response to adverse conditions ie. reduced nutrients. A keratin like coating is formed which protects the DNA, and the cell from heat, dehydration and chemicals and antibiotics

A

Spores

33
Q

______- Bacteria produce several types of enzymes that contribute to their pathogenicity. Including increased ability to invade tissues, form clots, deactivate IgA and IgG, and antibiotic resistance. eg. collagenase, hyaluronidase, coagulase, immunoglobulin protease

A

Enzymes secretion

34
Q

______ - Function as part of the cell wall of gram negative bacteria. Genes lie in the bacterial chromosome itself and are less toxic than exotoxins, but can produce fever and hypotensive shock, leading to septic
shock. These toxins bind to receptor surfaces on macrophages

A

Endotoxins

35
Q

Example categories of exotoxins

A

● Pyrogenic toxin- cytokine release leading to fever, rash, toxic shock syndrome eg. S. aureus, Strep pyogenes
● Enterotoxin- act on the GI tract leading to infectious diarrhea and/or food poisoning
● Neurotoxin- directed at nerves and their motor end plates leading to paralysis or in certain toxins, causes tetanus

36
Q

_____ are secreted by both fram positive and negative bacteria. Genes can be found on plasmids or bacteriophages. Often have an A (toxicity) and B (binding site) fragments. Extremely toxic

A

Exotoxins

ID Exam 2 (6 decks)

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