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Microbio semester 2 > Commercial products and biotechnology > Flashcards

Commercial products and biotechnology Flashcards

1
Q

Industrial microbiology definition

A

It uses microorganisms, theyre grown on a large scale to produce products

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2
Q

What are the classic methods used for

A

They are used to select for high yielding microbial varients

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3
Q

What are the properties of a useful industrial microbe?

A

Can be easily innoculated
grows rapidly on a large scale using cheap mediums
Not pathogenic.
Produces product quickly

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4
Q

Primary metabolite definition

A

produced during exponential growth
e.g alcohol

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5
Q

Secondary metabolite definition

A

Produced during stationary phase
Not essential for growth
often produced by spore forming microbes during sporulation

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6
Q

What size are secondary metabolites?

A

They are large molecules that need lots of enzymatic steps for production

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7
Q

What is a fermentor?

A

It is where the microbiology process takes place

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8
Q

Are fermentors aerobic or anaerobic?

A

most are Aerobic but they can be both

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9
Q

Important parts of the fermentor and what they do

A

Impellers and spargers produce oxygen
cooling jackets cool fermentor down after steam

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10
Q

What should bioreactors provide?

A

Agitation (for mixing)
Aeration (O2 supply)
Regulations of factors (temp and Ph)
Sterilisation
Withdrawal of cells

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11
Q

Scale up, what is it?

A

It is the transfer of a process from a small
laboratory scale to large-scale
commercial equipment

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12
Q

Where do the challenges to do with scale up arise?

A

Aeration and mixing

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13
Q

What are antibiotics?

A

They are compounds that kill or inhibit the growth of other microbes

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14
Q

What metabolite are antibiotics generally?

A

Secondary

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15
Q

What method is used to test microbial isolates for antibiotic production

A

Cross streak method

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16
Q

What type of antibiotic is penicillin?

A

B-lactam antibiotics

17
Q

What vitamin is produced exclusively by microorganisms?

A

Vitamin B12

18
Q

Name the amino acids that are used as food additives

A

Glutamic acid (MSG) and Aspartic acid

19
Q

Extremozymes definition

A

Enzymes that function
at some environmental
extreme

20
Q

What are the three ways to immobilize an enzyme

A

Bonding of enzyme to carrier
Cross linking of enzyme molecule
Enzyme inclusion

21
Q

What are the two types of brewery yeast strains

A

Top (ales )and bottom (largers) fermenting

22
Q

How is petroleum made

A

Petroleum is synthesized from green algae

23
Q

Biotechnology definition

A

Its the use of living organisms for industrial or commercial applications

24
Q

Whats a GMO

A

Its an organism whos genome has been altered

25
Q

What does genetic engineering allow

A

It allows the expression of eukaryotic genes in prokaryotes i.e insulin

26
Q

What are some problems associated with protein synthesis in a foreign host

A

Degradation by intracellular proteases
Toxicity to prokaryotic host
Formation of inclusion bodies

27
Q

What are the steps for gene cloning?

A

Isolation and fragmentation of DNA
Insertion of DNA fragment into cloning vector
Introduction of cloned DNA into host organism

28
Q

What was the first human protein to be made commercially by genetic engineering?

A

Insulin

29
Q

Name some mammalian proteins made by GMO

A

Hormones and proteins for blood clotting

30
Q

Name some genetically modified vaccinees

A

Subunit vaccine and DNA vaccine

31
Q

What are vector vaccines

A

theyre a vaccine made by inserting genes from a pathogenic virus into a harmless carrier virus

32
Q

What are subunit vaccines

A

They contain only a specific protein from a pathogenic organism

33
Q

how are subunit vaccines prepared?

A

The viral DNA is fragmentised by restriction enzymes
Cloning of viral coat protein genes into a vector
provision of proper condition for expression
The viral gene is reinserted and expressed in the microbe

34
Q

What is a DNA vaccine

A

A vaccine that uses the DNA of a pathogen to elicit an immune response

35
Q

Define gene mining

A

It is the process of isolating useful genes from the environment without culturing the organism

36
Q

What is the process of assembling a new or improved chemical pathway using genes from one or more organisms

A

Pathway engineering

37
Q

What introduces a functional copy of a gene to treat a disease caused by a dysfunctional version of the gene

A

Gene therapy

38
Q

Name some methods that plants could be genetically modified

A

Particle gun methods
use of plasmids

39
Q

Name the first GMO plant that was produced commercially

A

Tobacco

Microbio semester 2 (6 decks)

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