Commercial Flashcards
Commercial Pilot Eligibility (#)
1) 18 yrs
2) English
3) At least a PPL
3) Endorsement and pass Knowledge Test
5) Endorsement for required training and preparedness for practical
6) Experience requirements
7) Practical test
Document requirement to serve as crewmember (#)
1) Pilot cert
2) Medical cert
3) Photo ID
4) FI cert
Day Currency
3 T/O and Landings within 90 days as sole manipulator in same category, class, and type.
Tailwheel = full stop.
Night Currency
+- 1 hour of sunset
3 T/O and Landings, FULL STOP, within 90 days as sole manipulator in same category, class, and type.
Flight Review - frequency, time, content, exceptions
24 months by an authorized instructor
1 hour of flight and 1 hour of ground
Pt 91 flight rules and maneuvers
No necessary if: cert, rating, including FI
Conditions to logging Training Received
May log when received from an authorized instructor and endorsed, with description.
Required Logbook Data (#)
1) Date
2) Flight time
3) Departure and arrival
4) Type and ID of aircraft
5) Name of safety pilot, if required
6) Type of training
7) Conditions of flight
When can a pilot log PIC? (#)
1) Sole manipulator of controls
2) Sole occupant of aircraft
3) Acting as PIC in two-pilot
Logbook - Types of Training (#)
1) Solo
2) PIC
3) SIC
Logbook - Conditions of Flight (#)
1) Day or night
2) Actual instument
3) Simulated instrument
Logbook - Instrument Time Definition
May log instument time only for that portion of the flight when a person operates the aircraft solely by reference to instruments
Commercial Privileges
Carrying persons or property for compensation or hire, provided the person is qualified in accordance with the FARs that apply to the operation
Commercial Limitations
If no IR, not allowed carraige for hire if XC > 50 miles or night
First Class Med Required
Exercising PIC under ATP
Second Class Med Required (#)
Exercising (a) SIC under ATP or (b) commercial
Third Class Med Required (3)
1) PPL, Rec, or Student
2) FI
3) Practical test AND DPE
First Class Expiration <40 on date of exam
Last day of
12th month for 1st and 2nd
60th month for 3rd class
First Class Expiration >40 on date of exam
Last day of
6th month for 1st
12th month for 2nd
24th month for 3rd
Do you need your logbook?
Not in plane, but if asked by enforcement
Basic med requirements (#)
1) US DL
2) Medical > 2006
3) Not revoked or denied
4) Med course within 24 months
5) MEd exam <48 month
6) Care and treatment of a phsyician
7) National Driver Register check
Basic Med Aircraft and Operating Restrictions (#)
1) Aircraft <=6 occupants
2) <= 6k lbs
3) Carry <= 5 pax
4) VFR or IFR, but <18k and <250kts
5) Not for compensation
Currency vs Proficiency
currency = minimum required by law; profieciency = safe and competent
Removing or installing equipment not on equipment list requires
New empty weight and CG
Repairs and alterations types (#)
1) Major (requiring FAA)
2) Minor (A&P)
Required Documents
ARROW
1) Airworthiness
2) Registration
3) Radio operators (if intl)
4) Operating Limitations (AFM/POH)
5) Weight and balance certificate
Duration of registration certificates
Seven Years
Required Inspections
AV1ATES
1) Annual
2) VOR within 30 days, logbook
3) 100 hour
4) Altimeter/pitot 24 months
5) Transponder 24 month
6) ELT 12 months
Types of Airworthiness Directives (#)
1) Standard AD
2) Emergency AD
3) Special or Service Bulletins
Added Cert Required for Annual Maintenance Inspection
A&P who holds an Inspection Authorization
Preventative maintenance restriction
Doesn’t involve complex assembly
Equipment Decision Tree
KOEL or MEL
91.205 … TOMATO FFLAMES and FLAPS
VFR Required Equipment
TOMATO FFLAMES
Tachometer for each engine
Oil pressure gauge for each engine
Manifold pressure gauge for each altitude engine
Airspeed Indicator
Temperature gauge for each liquid-cooled engine
Oil temperature gauge for each air-cooled engine
Fuel gauge indicating the quantity of fuel in each tank
Flotation gear (if operated for hire over water beyond power-off glide distance from shore)
Landing gear position indicator
Altimeter
Magnetic compass
Emergency Locator Transmitter
Safety belts/Shoulder Harnesses
VFR Night Required Equipment
FLAPS
Fuses (if required)
Landing Light (Electric)
Anti-Collision Lights
Position Lights
Source of electricity for all installed electrical and radio equipment
Weather Sources (#)
1) FSS
2) Aviationweather.gov
3) Foreflight
4) Windy
Weather Products (#)
1) Surface analysis chart
2) GFA (ceilings, winds, freezing, temps, etc, thunderstorms, etc) (18 hours)
3) METARs and TAFS (24 hour)
4) PiReps
5) Prog Charts (7 days)
6) Forecast disucssions
7) IWAs … AIRMETS and SIGMETS, Convective SIGMETS
Types of AIRMETS (3)
1) Sierra - IFR
2) Tango - Turb and winds
3) Zulu - Ice
Relevant atmoshperic levels for aviation (#)
1) Troposhpere (~36k ft, temp decreases with height)
2) Tropopause
3) Straosphere (up to 31 miles high, temp increases with height)
Standard Atmosphere
59F/15C, 29.92” Hg
Farenheit to Celsius
°F = °C × (9/5) + 32
Coriolis deflection above equator
To the right
Temp change per 1000 feet
2C
Necessary conditions for precip (#)
1) Water 2) Lifting 3) Nuclei
Front definition
Boundary between two air masses
Cold front characteristics (#)
1) Steep
2) Move faster
3) Steep, showery clouds right behind it
Warm front characteristics (#)
1) Sloped
2) Slower
3) Layered, stratiform clouds well behind it. Can be embeded as you get closer to the transition layer.
Ocluded front description
Cold front catches up to another cold front, pushing the warm front above both.
Sources of vertical lifting
1) Orographic
2) Frontal
3) Thermal
High Cloud height and types (#)
> 16.5k
1) Cirrus
2) Cirrocumulus
3) Cirrostratus
Middle Cloud height and types (#)
> 6.5k
1) Altocumulus
2) Altocumulus Lenticularis
3) Altostratus
4) Nimbostratus
Low Cloud height and types (#)
SFC
1) Cumulus
2) Stratocumulus
3) Stratus
4) Cumulonimbus
Types of turbulence (#)
1) Convective
2) Mechanical
3) Wind Shear
Phases of a thunderstorm (#)
1) Developing
2) Mature
3) Dissipating
Types of Ice (#)
1) Rime
2) Clear
3) Mixed
Types of fog (#)
1) Radiation
2) Mountain
3) Advection
4) Upslope
5) Frontal
6) Steam
7) Freezing
Risk Checklist (#)
PAVE
1) Pilot
2) Aircraft
3) Evironment
4) External pressures
Class E Vis and Cloud
<10k, 3512
>10k, 5111
Class D Shape
4nm, 2500ft
Class D Vis and Cloud
3512
Class C Shape
Layer cake, 5nm core sfc to 4k, 10nm shelf 1200 to 4k
Transponder Requirements (#)
1) >10k
2) Class B and veil (30nm)
3) Class C and above
4) Within 10 miles of certain airports
5) ADIZ
Airspeeds (#)
1) <250, <10k
2) <200 within 4 miles and <2500AGL of C and D
3) <200 under Class B
Class E Shape
14.5-18k, 700 or 1200 AGL to 18k near airports, surface extensions, airways
Class C Vis and Cloud
3512
Student Pilot not allowed in which airspace
Class A, Class B (although can get endorsement)
Airspace that does not require radio comm
Class G and Class E
Class B Shape
Upside down wedding cake, 10k MSL
Class B viz and cloud
3SM, clear of clouds
Glass G viz and cloud
<1200 AGL Day - 1SM, clear of clouds
<1200 AGL Night - 3512
<10k Day - 1512
<10k Night - 3512
>10k - 5111
Special Use Airspace (#)
1) Prohibited
2) Restricted (permissions)
3) Warning / Alert / Control Firing / MOA
4) SFRA
5) TFR
Required preflight for all flights
Runway lengths and TO/Landing information
Required for IFR or XC flights (#)
1) Weather
2) Fuel
3) Altternatives
4) Traffic delays
Pressure altitude formula
1,000(29.92-Current Altimeter Setting) + Elevation
Density altitude formula
DA = 120(Current Temperature-15oC) + PA
Less dense air impacts (#)
1) Power
2) Thrust
3) Lift
Forward loading impact (#)
1) Acts heavier, so slower
2) Slower needs more nose up trim, requiring more offseting tail, increasing loading
3) Increased loading requires higher AOA, producing a higher stall speed
4) Longer CG arm makes elevator more controllable
Aft loading impact (#)
1) Acts lighter, so faster
2) Faster needs less nose up trim, requiring less offseting tail, decreasing loading
3) Deacreased loading requires lower AOA, producing a lower stall speed
4) Shorter CG arm makes elevator less controllable and harder to recover from stall
Longitudinal axis description and controlled by
Roll around length of plane, aeilerons
Lateral axis description and controlled by
Pitch around length of wings, elevator
Vertical axis description and controlled by
Yaw around center, rudder
Two drags, and highest at what speeds
Parasitic drag higher at high speeds
INdusced drag higher at lower speeds
Two types of energy
Kinetic (speed) and Potential (altitude)
Four stroke operating cycle (#)
1) Intake
2) Compression
3) Power
4) Exhaust
1” HG equal to
1000 feet
Altimeter error saying
From hot to cold, or from high to low, look out below!
Emergency procedures acronym
MATL
1) Maintain control
2) Analyze
3) Take action
4) Land as soon as conditions permit
Types of Hypoxia (#)
1) Hypoxic - environment
2) Hypemic - transport (CO)
3) Stagnant - g forces, heart failure
4) Histotoxic - narcotics and poison
Hypoxia symptoms
Headaches, blue lips/fingers, euphoria, timgling, lightheaded, drowsiness
Hyperventilation cause
Not enough CO2
Illusions that you are higher than you are (#)
1) Narrow runway
2) Upsloped runway
3) Featurless terrain
4) Visibility (also looks further away)
Scuba wait time
12 hours, 8K feet; 24 hours > 8k feet
Alcohol and drug regulations (#)
1) 8 hours
2) influence of alcohol
3) .04
4) drug that affects faculties
ADM process (#)
1) Define
2) Course of action
3) Implement
4) Evaluate
Hazardous attitudes (#)
1) Anti-authority
2) Impulsivity
3) Invulnerabiolity
4) Macho
5) Resignation
Briefing requirements
Operation of seatbelts
Two main types of NOTAMS
1) D … airports and nav aids
2) FDC … IFR and TFR
Precision approach runway markings (#)
1) Threshold
2) Aiming point, 1k feet
3) RTDZ markings in 500’ increments
Taxiway Edge Light Color
Blue
Taxiway Center Color
Green
REIL # and Color
Two, white, flashing; green for displaced threshold
Runway Edge Light Color
White (Yellow for last 2k)
End of runway light color
Red
Pilot controlled lighting … clicks
3 for low, 5 for medium, 7 for high
Ground control … quartering headwind
Fly level into the wind (elevator neutral)
Ground control … quartering tailwind
Dive away from wind
Worst wake turbulence config
Heavy, slow, clean
Wake turbulence sink rate
300-500 ft/min, stopping at 500-900ft below
Worst wind for wake turbulence
1-5kts, quartering tailwind
Light Gun Solid Green (Ground and Air)
Cleared for Takeoff or Landing
Light Gun Blinking Green (Ground and Air)
Cleared for Taxi
Return For Landing
Light Gun Solid Red (Ground and Air)
Stop
Give way and circle
Light Gun Blinking Red (Ground and Air)
Leave runway
Airport unsafe, do not land
Light Gun White (Ground and Air)
Return to starting point, N/A
Light Gun Green Red Alternating (Ground and Air)
Exercise extreme caution
Lost Comms Emergency Transponder
7600
Emergency Transponder Code
7700
Definition of accident
From boarding to disembarking, serious injury or substantial damage
Converging aircraft right of way, same category
The aircraft to the other’s right
Converging aircraft right of way, different category
Balloon, glider, airship, refueling, towing
Converging aircraft, head on
Each to the right
Overtaking right of way
Overtake to the right
Right of way when approaching airport
Lower aircraft
P Factor
Down blade has more thrust, yawing to left
P Factor Highest When
High AOA and High Power
Minimum speed for hydroplaning
Square root of tire pressure times 9
LAHSO minimums
100’ ceiling and 3SM viz
MSA Over Congested
1000’ above highest obstacle withing 2000’ feet
MSA Over Non-Congested
500’ AGL unless water/rural, no closer than 500’ to any person or structure
Spin recovery
PARE
1) Power idle
2) Ailerons neutral
3) Rudder opposite
4) Elevator forward
Maneuvering Speed
Max speed at which the aircraft will stall prior to damaging the airframe
As weight increases, what happens to Va?
Increases
Max gross weight change to VA formula
VA (at max〖gross weight) × √(Actual Gross Weight ÷Max Gross Weight) 〗
Load factor at 60 degree bank
2G
GA Airplane G max
3.8G
What produces the highest rate of turn?
High bank angle and slow speed
Pilotage Definition
Nav by landmarks or checkpoints
Dead Reconking definition
Nav by calculations
Iogenic line definition
Lines of same magnetic variation
Magnetic Deviation vs Variation
Deviation = local
Magnetic Correction Saying
East is least (subtract from true), west is best (add to true)
North/South magnetic errors
Compass pulls to the North. So, turning away from North, lags. Towards North, leads
Acceleration magnetic errors
ANDS … Accelerate North, Decelerate South (only on E and W headings)
Five Cs of Lost Aircraft
1) Climb
2) Confess
3) Circle
4) Comply
5) Communicate
IFR tolerances for VOR Checks
+- 4 deg fofr Ground, +-6 deg for airborne
What tells you what radial you are on for a VOR?
Rotate OBS until needle is centered and FROM
How many sattelites necessary for GPS?
Four, but 5th for RAIM
IFR Alternate Required When?
1 hour before to 1 hour after your ETA (at the listed destination), the ceiling will be at least 2,000′ AGL, and the visibility will be at least 3 SM.
Describe region of reverse command
Left of L/Dmax, where drag increases with slower speeds, so you need more power.
Left turning tendency causes (4)
1) Torque
2) Slipstream
3) Gyroscopic
4) P Factor
Where on a wing stalls first? Why?
Root, so that aileron effectiveness is maintained
Types of stalls (#)
1) Secondary
2) Accelerated
3) Cross control
4) Elevator trim
5) Spin
O2 Reqs
1.5-14k … 30 min, > 14k crew, 15k for passengers; FL250 requires 10 min for each occupant
Situations requiring Emergency Descent
Fire, smoke, pressure, medical
Emergency Acronym
ABCD
A - Aviate
B - Best landing spot
C - Checklists
d - Distress call
SF50 Vg
100kts
Minimum sink airspeed
A few knots less than Vg
Impact of static system blocked
Altimeter freezes at that altitude; airspeed above indicates lower than actual; VSI zero
Empty weight with options and unuasable fuel
Basic Empty Weight (a step up from Standard Empty Weight)
Weight of everything except fuel
Zero Fuel Weight
Useful Load
Max Gross minus Basic Empty Weight
