Comm Theory Final Review Flashcards
3 types of persuasion (Rhetoric)
emotional, logical, ethical
Platonic rhetoric
deductive & dialectic
Aristotlean rhetoric
inductive & empiricist
epistemology (rhetoric)
based on probability
Dramatism
analysis of language and thought as modes of action
dramatistic pentad (dramatism)
act, agent, agency, scene, purpose
dramatistic ratios
relative importance of any two terms of the pentad as determined by their relationship
public utterance (dramatism)
something said or posted in public
identification (dramatism)
the common ground between speaker and audience
pentad affiliations: ACT
realism (actions louder than words)
pentad affiliations: AGENT
determinism (couldn’t help it)
pentad affiliations: AGENCY
idealism (mind and heart is what matters)
pentad affiliations: SCENE
pragmatism (just get it done)
pentad affiliations: PURPOSE
mysticism (meaning of life)
narrative coherence (narative paradigm)
internal consistency, reliability
narrative fidelity (narrative paradigm)
truthful and humane
ideal audience (narrative paradigm)
believes in truth, beauty, etc; chooses “good reasons”
phatic communication (narrative paradigm)
communication not based on words: paralinguistics and gestures
life stories (narrative paradigm)
stories that come from own experience
postmodernism
any claim of truth or moral superiority is suspect
hyperreality (postmodernism)
recurrent media images feel more real than reality
telemorphosis (Baudrillard, postmodernism)
society sees TV as reality
eclecticism (postmodernism)
identity constructed of different styles, tastes, preferences, etc
symbolic environment (media ecology)
the socially constructed, sensory world of meanings
Media Ecology theorist
Marshall McLuhan
Marshall McLuhan’s theory
Media Ecology
Narrative Paradigm theorist
Walter Fisher
Walter Fisher’s theory
Narrative Paradigm
social/symbolic constructionism (media ecology)
?
global village (media ecology)
worldwide electronic community where everyone knows everyone’s business and all are somewhat testy.
tribal age (media ecology)
pre-literate; ear; community
literary age (media ecology)
visual; eye; private detachment
gutenberg 1450 (media ecology)
print; eye
electronic age (media ecology)
ear and eye; instant communication; return to global village
digital age (media ecology)
electronic tribes contentious over diverse beliefs and values; eye, hand
Semiotics theorist
Roland Barthes
Roland Barthes’ theory
Semiotics
Semiology (semiotics)
European term for this area of study
signifier (semiotics)
physical form of the sign as we perceive it through our senses
signified (semiotics)
the meaning we associate with the sign
signified 1st order (semiotics)
denotative - descriptive without ideological content
signified 2nd order (semiotics)
connotative - mythic sign that has lost its historical referent
mixed sign model (semiotics)
signs/part-signs
de Saussure (semiotics)
Swiss linguist, coined term semiology
Peirce’s types of signs (semiotics)
Icon, Symbol, Index
economic determinism (cultural studies)
differences in financial resources influences human behaviour and relationships
Birmingham School (cultural studies)
Founded by Stuart Hall; believes in intervening not just critiquing
Cultural Studies theorist
Stuart Hall
Stuart Hall’s theory
Cultural Studies
magic-bullet/hypodermic model (media effects)
belief that everyone receives the same message from media
3 stages of Bandura’s Social Learning Theory (media effects intertext)
attention, retention, motivation
imitation (social learning theory, intertext)
affected by Bandura’s 3 stages: attention, retention, motivation
Uses & Gratifications theorist
Elihu Katz
Elihu Katz’s theory
Uses & Gratifications theory
para-social relationship (uses & grats)
sense of friendship or emotional attachment that develops toward media personalities
uses & gratifications
what people do with media and why
passing time (uses & grats)
typology of uses & grats
companionship (uses & grats)
typology of uses & grats
escape (uses & grats)
typology of uses & grats
enjoyment (uses & grats)
typology of uses & grats
social interaction (uses & grats)
typology of uses & grats
relaxation (uses & grats)
typology of uses & grats
information (uses & grats)
typology of uses & grats
excitement (uses & grats)
typology of uses & grats
Cultivation Theory theorist
George Gerbner
George Gerbner’s theory
Cultivation Theory
mainstreaming (cultivation theory)
developing common outlook with others through heavy media consumption
resonance (cultivation theory)
comparing my experience to what is on the show
Agenda Setting Theorist
McCombs & Shaw
McCombs & Shaw’s theory
Agenda Setting Theory
agenda setting hypothesis
mass media has ability to transfer the salience of issues on their news agenda to the public agenda
communication ethics (agenda setting theory)
moral responsibility to promote community, etc
framing (agenda setting theory)
media tells us how to think about an issue; emphasizes certain attributes
salience (agenda setting theory)
awareness of media presence; relevance or importance of a topic
index of curiosity (agenda setting theory)
need for orientation
intersex (gender intertext)
someone with anatomy or chomosomes that is not obviously male or female
cis-gender (gender intertext)
biological sex and gender match
heterosexual (gender intertext)
those attracted to the other sex
biological determinism (gender intertext)
belief that gender is determined by biological sex
gender performativity
Judith Butler, we perform our gender
queer (gender intertext)
general label for those who don’t feel they fit the binaries of male/female, masculine/feminine, straight/gay, etc
rapport talk (genderlect)
communicating to connect
report talk (genderlect)
communicating for status
Genderlect Styles Theorist
Deborah Tanen
Deborah Tanen’s theory
Genderlect Styles Theory
speech community (genderlect)
when people have shared goalsand strategies of communication
cross-cultural (genderlect)
communication between men and women
Standpoint Theorist
Harding & Wood
Harding & Wood’s theory
Standpoint theory
standpoint
a place from which to critically view the world around us
universal ethical standard (standpoint)
critique of postmodernism
discourse ethics (standpoint)
Habermas’s ideal speach
universalism (standpoint)
moral framework that values the diversity of human belief without thinking that every difference is ethically significant (Benhabib)
ethic of care (standpoint)
a dialogue of reason and emotion
common good (standpoint)
interacting with the world, must always situate yourself (Benhabib)
value-free
?
Muted Group theorist
Cheris Kramarae
Cheris Kramarae’s theory
Muted Group Theory
muted group
groups who must change their language when communicating publically
co-cultural group (muted group)
group that has limited access to dominant group
sub-cultural group (muted group)
group that has no access to dominant group
gatekeepers (muted group)
those (usually men) who control public record and modes of communication
naming (muted group)
language framed by patriarchy (eg actor/actress)
assimilation (muted group)
trying to fit in as much as possible
accomodation (comm accomm)
adjustments to communication that decrease social distance
separation (muted group)
sticking to own group
collectivist culture
culture that prioritizes the greater good
individualistic culture
people look out for themselves and family
Communication Accommodation Theorist
Howard Giles
Face-Negotiation Theorist
Stella Ting-Toomey
Stella Ting-Toomey’s theory
Face-Negotiation Theory
self/other (face-negotiation)
I/Thou (Martin Buber)
facework (face-negotiation)
verbal and nonverbal messages that help to maintain and restore face loss, and to uphold and honour face gain
face-giving (face-negotiation)
defending and supporting others
passive-aggressive (face-negotiation
using behaviours aimed at thwarting another’s resolution of conflict
causal chain (face negotiation)
type of culture > self-construct > face maintenance > conflict management
Co-Cultural Theorist
Mark Orbe
Mark Orbe’s theory
Co-Cultural Theory
dominant culture (co-cultural)
empowered group
co-cultural group (co-cultural)
any group with differences from dominant group
communicative approaches (co-culturral)
ways to communicate: nonassertive, assertive, aggressive, passive aggressive
passive aggressive (co-cultural)
using behaviours aimed at thwarting another’s resolution of conflict
accomodation (co-cultural)
working to change dominant culture to account for co-culture
Agenda Setting Theory
media tells us what to think, how to think about it, and what issues go together (McCombs & Shaw)
Uses & Gratifications Theory
media consumption is a deliberate choice designed to satisfy particular needs. (Katz)
Face-Negotiation Theory
Conflict styles:
Interdependent people avoid or integrate
Independent people dominate (Ting-Toomey)
Media Ecology
Changes in comm tech alter symbolic environment. We shaped our tools, and our tools shape us. (McLuhan)
Semiotics
Study of signs and symbols (Barthes)
Dramatism
tool for discovering how a speaker builds identification with audience using pentad (Burke)
Rhetoric
The Art of Persuasion (Aristotle)
Standpoint Theory
Recognizing that people do not have the same access to power
Muted Group Theory
Language aids in defining, depreciating, and excluding co-cultural groups (eg women) (Kramarae)
Co-Cultural Theory
co-cultural groups are at a disadvantage when they interact with dominant group and adopt communication orientation based on preferred outcome.