Comm Concepts

Question 1

Hall’s Ideology concepts

Answer 1

• Ideologies are chains of meaning
• Ideologies are representations of reality to better understand society
• Focuses on Race: Open racism (“I only trust white doctors” vs. Inferential racism (naturalizing the setting, but noticing only white doctors in the place)

Question 2

Althusser Theses

Answer 2

1) Ideology Represents the Imaginary Relationship of Individuals to Their Real Conditions of Existence
2) Ideology Has a Material Existence
3) Ideology Interpellates Individuals as Subjects

Question 3

Portwood-Stacer Concepts

Answer 3

• Post-feminism representations (suggests that feminism is a finished movement)
• Ideas that empowerment and self-worth are correlated to looking a certain way or buying the right products (consumerism)

Question 4

Hammond & Wellington

Answer 4

• Qualitative, quantitative, and mixed-methods research
• surveys, interviews, observations, and case studies (data collection methods)
• Ethical considerations such as informed consent or confidentiality

Question 5

Wilson

Answer 5

Article discussing the intersectionality of sexual assault and violence against black women

Question 6

Crenshaw Concepts

Answer 6

• Intersectionality: things understood from multiple lenses such as race AND gender, not just one or the other
• Different vulnerabilities where things overlap
• Media can reduce narratives to one perspective rather than acknowledge the overlap
• Not all experiences can be categorized into a single space

Question 7

Goffman concepts

Answer 7

• Gendered positions in advertisements to relate media to real life
• Hyper-ritualization
• Naturalization

Question 8

Feminine Touch

Answer 8

Light touching, caressing, self-touching, fingers, hands, face

Question 9

Ritualizing of Subordination

Answer 9

Submissiveness, physically lowering oneself, recumbent positioning (especially on floors/beds), bashful knee/body canting, body clowning, mock assault, male “border control”

Question 10

Licensed Withdrawal

Answer 10

Psychologically removed from situation, averted gaze, turning away, covering face, fingers to face/fingers, anchored drifting

Question 11

Qualitative Research

Answer 11

The “why” and “how.” Interviews, observations, etc. Room for change

Question 12

Quantitative Research

Answer 12

Numerical data used to identify patterns, relationships, or trends. Surveys, experiments, etc.

Question 13

Bonilla-Silva concepts

Answer 13

• Reproduction of white supremacy through Semantic language
• Saving faces (avoidance, false ambivalence, semantic displacement (“others may think”), apparent sympathy, justification (force of “the facts”), reversal (victim blaming), fairness
• surveys vs. interviews

Question 14

ISA (Ideological State Apparatuses)

Answer 14

Operate through ideologies and belief systems. More subjective. Examples are Religious, educational, family, legal, political, unions, communications, and cultural. This is different from Repressive State Apparatuses which are coercive through violence such as the military or police.

Question 15

Ideology

Answer 15

For example, there is ideology with the word “freedom.” We associate may things with this word. The word evokes several things in your brain

Question 16

Althusser concepts applied

Answer 16

• Power dynamics and people as subjects
• People live in power dynamics to make sense of their lives
• Ideology is embedded in rituals, actions, and structures (i.e. has a material existence), for example, gender structures or family structures are products of the ideological framework
• Interpellation: individuals become subjects to recognize themselves within ideological systems (e.g. a person who enters a classroom becomes a student)

Question 17

Additive Approach

Answer 17

assumes that our life situation can be described by examining the total effects of our various identities (e.g. the outcome of being a man, an ethnic minority, and a member of a disadvantaged economic class is simply the sum effect of all three identities)

Question 18

Intersectionality

Answer 18

assumes oppressive systems/ideologies (sexism, racism, homophobia, xenophobia, classism, etc.) are interwoven in our lived experience, and they cannot be studied separately from each other. These create interlocking systems of oppression

Question 19

Cantril

Answer 19

• Psychological study
• Power of Media
• Critical thinking and credibility
• Media fools people

Question 20

Cantril, Gaudet, and Herzog

Answer 20

Why the broadcast worked:
- dramatic excellence
- Resemblance to news (war, depression) and confidence in radio as a source of information
- Experts
- Tuning in late
- Basically, they committed to the bit really well

Question 21

Determine Credibility

Answer 21

• internal checks: evidence from the medium (other channels, narrative construction)
• External checks: evidence from other sources (radio guide, friends)
• Psychological variables that affect this process: personality, religion, critical ability, education
• “A panic occurs when some highly cherished, rather commonly accepted value is threatened and when no certain elimination of the threat is in sight”

Question 22

Hypodermic Needle Model (magic bullet theory)

Answer 22

• suggest media has a direct, powerful, and immediate effect on audiences like an injection
• assumes that people passively receive information, and whatever message is sent by the media will strongly influence or “inject” people’s thoughts and behavior without question or resistance (no critical analysis or information filtering)
• suggests the impact of media is universal
• suggests individuals always react to media the way creators intend

Question 23

Cantril Lesson Takeaways

Answer 23

• propaganda anxieties
• Hypodermic Needle
• internal/external checks
• psychological variables
• potential power of media to persuade

Question 24

Surveys

Answer 24

• the way we ask questions and the conditions under which someone answers matters

Question 25

sample

Answer 25

the individuals chosen to participate in a survey from the broader population

Question 26

probability sampling

Answer 26

all individuals have an equal chance of being chosen for the survey

Question 27

quota sampling

Answer 27

individuals are chosen who share characteristics (race, gender, age, etc) proportional to the overall population

Question 28

mimesis

Answer 28

the way the “real world” is
reflected in representations

Question 29

denotative meanings

Answer 29

The “explicit and literal meaning.” The
common-sense notion of the thing being represented

Question 30

connotative meanings

Answer 30

“less explicit, more culturally specific
associations and meanings. ” These are the feelings, values, or ideas attached to the sign

Question 31

Barthes theory of signs

Answer 31

signifier: sound/word/image that convey meanings
signified: meaning
together they make a sign

Question 32

iconic signs

Answer 32

resembles something

Question 33

symbolic signs

Answer 33

arbitrarily related to the
object it signifies. For example, the letters c-a-t do not look like a cat. Symbolic signs are more restricted in who can understand them

Question 34

indexical signs

Answer 34

he signifier has coexisted in the same place
and time as the interpretant. Examples include disease symptoms, weathervanes, or fingerprints. Revealing of a time and place

Question 35

Photographs as signs

Answer 35

Both Iconic AND Indexical: Their cultural meaning, however, comes mostly from their indexical quality

Question 36

internal checks

Answer 36

evidence from the medium (other channels, narrative construction)

Question 37

external checks

Answer 37

evidence from other sources (radio guide, friends)

Question 38

psychological variables

Answer 38

personality, religion, critical ability, education

Question 39

What are the Saving faces

Answer 39

avoidance, false ambivalence, semantic displacement (“others may think”), apparent sympathy, justification (force of “the facts”), reversal (victim blaming), fairness