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COMDIS415 EXAM 2 > COMDIS415 VOICE DISORDERS > Flashcards

COMDIS415 VOICE DISORDERS Flashcards

1
Q

Speech Subsystems

A
  1. Respiratory system
  2. Laryngeal system
  3. Supralaryngeal systems (resonatory/articulatory)
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2
Q

MUSCLE ACTIVITY FOR RESPIRATION (REST BREATHING) INHALATION

A

Inhalation
Diaphragm contracts
External intercostals contract
Thoracic cavity expands
- lung volume increases
- lung pressure decreases

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3
Q

Inhalation (rest breathing)

A

Active muscle contraction

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4
Q

Diaphragm Contracts

A

Flatten goes down

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5
Q

External intercostals contract

A

small muscles that lay in between the rib cage, contracts and raises + forwards rib cage

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6
Q

Thoracic Cavity Expands

A

One goes up, the other goes down (pressure vs volume), boyle’s law

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7
Q

MUSCLE ACTIVITY FOR RESPIRATION (REST BREATHING) EXHALATION

A

Exhalation
 Diaphragm relaxes
 Elastic recoil of chest wall (external intercostals relax)
- RIB CAGE STARTS TO DESCEND
 Lung volume decreases
 Lung pressure increases

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8
Q

LUNG CAPACITY

A

can provide an index of pulmonary function
 Differ according to age, sex, physical condition, physical activity
- REFERS TO HOW MUCH AIR OUR LUNGS CAN HOLD

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9
Q

How much cm h2o is required to generate our lungs in order to speak?

A

6-8cm h2o

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10
Q

How much cm h2o is required to get the vocal folds to open and vibrate?

A

3-4 cm h2o

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11
Q

SPIROMETRY

A

Vital capacity can be measured using spirometry (L)

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12
Q

REST BREATHING VS. SPEECH BREATHING

A

Speech breathing is a more complicated process than rest (vegetative) breathing:
- Need to take breaths at linguistically-appropriate places
- Need an appropriate amount of air to produce utterances (short/long) and support appropriate speech volume (conversational volume/loud volume)

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13
Q

SPEECH BREATHING

A

Major changes occur to switch from rest/vegetative breathing to speech breathing:
1. Location of air intake - primary use nose for resting, mouth for speech breathing
2. Inhale/exhale ratio time
- 10% is inhalation, 90% is exhalation
3. Volume of air inhaled per cycle
- take in more air when speaking
4. Muscle activity for exhalation

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14
Q

VOLUME OF AIR INHALED PER CYCLE

A

40% when resting, then changes to 60% = 20% change

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15
Q

For rest and speech breathing, the process of inspiration is …

A

the same (ACTIVE MUSCULAR PROCESS)

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16
Q

The process of expiration differs for rest and speech breathing

A
  • Rest: Exhalation is passive, relying solely on elastic recoil forces
  • Speech: The rate of elastic recoil forces must be controlled in order to prolong the expiration

Muscles of inspiration (external intercostals) continue to contract preventing the ribs from descending too quickly.

To go below EEL there is contraction in the abdominal musculature and the internal intercostal muscles

17
Q

EEL MEANING

A

End expiratory level (EEL)

18
Q

Vocal Fold Mucosa (Cover)

A

Epithelium and superficial lamina propria
 Intermediate and deep layer of the lamina propria (Transition layers)
VIBRATES DURING PHONATION

19
Q

Vocal Fold Body

A

Vocalis muscle, does not vibrate during phonation

20
Q

MUCOSAL WAVE; how do the vocal folds move

A

Vocal folds open from back to front, bottom to top (anterior to posterior view)
anything that interferes with this routine results in rough voice, voice disorder

21
Q

MYOELASTIC AERODYNAMIC EFFECT (vocal mechanics)

A
  1. medial compression
  2. subglottal (below vocal folds) pressure has to be higher than super glottal (above) pressure
  3. closing phase: passive breathing: elastic recoil of the muscle
  4. Bernoulli effect
22
Q
  1. MEDIAL COMPRESSION
A

vocal folds come together at midline tightly

23
Q
  1. SUBGLOTTAL PRESSURE
A

vocal folds blow open - opening phase

24
Q
  1. CLOSING PHASE: ELASTIC RECOIL OF MUSCLE
A

vocal folds return to rest position

25
Q
  1. BERNOULLI EFFECT
A

air coming from lungs and into vocal folds and moving quickly, sucks together
- - increase in velocity, decrease in pressure - -

26
Q

VOICE DISORDERS

A

According to ASHA:
“A voice disorder occurs when a voice quality, pitch, and loudness differ or are inappropriate for an individual’s age, gender, cultural background, or geographic location.”

27
Q

VOICE DISORDERS CATEGORIZED

A

Organic
- Structural
- Neurogenic

28
Q

Structural

A

nerves are intact, but something is affecting the vocal folds
tumor that grows, changes how vocal folds vibrate

29
Q

Neurogenic

A

one of the nerves that operates
vocal fold wraps around heart is damaged
vocal fold on left side doesn’t move - soft volume, out of breath
another: Parkinson’s disease

30
Q

Functional

A

improper use of vocal mechanism (glottal fry)

31
Q

HOW DO WE KNOW IF SOMEONE HAS A VOICE DISORDER?

A

Instrumental assessment (e.g. laryngeal imaging | acoustic analysis) Non-instrumental assessment (auditory-perceptual judgement)

32
Q

auditory-perceptual judgement

A

just listening to their voice and seeing if there is a problem
- comes with a lot of listening experience, examples, sometimes
it is not accurate, depends on expertise and how much
time they’ve spent analyzing voice disorders

33
Q

INSTRUMENTAL VOICE ASSESSMENT

A

Actually using equipment to look at laryngeal
-laryngeal imaging-
FLEXIBLE LARYNGOSCOPE (through nose), RIGID LARYNGOSCOPE (through mouth)

34
Q

INSTRUMENTAL VOICE ASSESSMENT: ACOUSTIC ANALYSIS

A

Record patient
 Task examples: sustained vowel, sentence, reading  Analysis using software program (e.g. Praat, CSL)
 Examples of acoustic parameters measured:  Fundamental frequency (F0)
 Formant frequencies (F1, F2)
 Decibel level
 Signal-to-noise ratio: above 20
 Jitter - how stable frequency/pitch is
1.04% or lower NORMAL
- Shimmer: steady of amplitude (loudness)
lower than 3.8%

COMDIS415 EXAM 2 (7 decks)

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