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Physics 101 flashcards AP® Physics flashcards
1
Q

Astronomical unit (AU)

A

The average distance between the Earth and the Sun.

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2
Q

Parsec (pc)

A

The distance that gives a parallax angle of 1 arc second

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3
Q

Light year (ly)

A

The distance light travels in a vacuum in 1 year

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4
Q

Olber’s paradox

A

For an infinite, uniform and static universe the night sky should be bright not dark because of light received in all directions from stars

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5
Q

Hubble’s Law

A

The recession speed of distant galaxies is directly proportional to their distance from the observer

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6
Q

Cosmological principle

A

The universe is homogenous, isotropic and the laws of Physics are the same at all points within it

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7
Q

Critical density

A

The density of the universe which would cause it to be flat – i.e. the expansion rate would tend towards zero in infinite time.

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8
Q

(Stellar) parallax

A

The apparent shifting in position of a star relative to the background of distant stars when observed from different positions in the Earth’s orbit round the Sun.

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9
Q

Capacitance

A

The stored charge in a capacitor per unit potential difference across the plates.

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10
Q

Farad

A

The capacitance of a capacitor which stored a charge of 1C when a voltage of 1V is across the plates.

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11
Q

Capacitors in series

A

Same as resistors in parallel

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12
Q

Capacitors in parallel

A

Same as resistors in series

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13
Q

Capacitors in parallel

A

Same as resistors in series

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14
Q

Capacitive time constant

A

The time taken for the current, charge and p.d. for a capacitor to fall to 1/e (37%) of its original value when discharging through a resistor.τ = RC

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15
Q

Proton number (or atomic number)

A

The number of protons in the nucleus of an atom

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16
Q

Neutron number

A

The number of neutrons in the nucleus of an atom

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17
Q

Nucleon number (or mass number)

A

The number of protons and neutrons in the nucleus of an atom

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18
Q

Plum Pudding model

A

A model of the atom in which negative charges are distributed throughout a sphere of positive charge

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19
Q

Isotope

A

An atom with the same number of protons in the nucleus but a different number of neutrons

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20
Q

Conservation of ___

A

The total ___ before a nuclear change will equal the total ___ after.

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21
Q

Quantities conserved in nuclear decay

A

Nucleon number, mass-energy, lepton number, baryon number, charge

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22
Q

Atomic mass unit

A

A 1/12th the mass of a C-12 nucleus

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23
Q

Thermal neutron

A

These are slow-moving neutrons

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24
Q

Control rods

A

Rods of a neutron-absorbing material used to reduce the rate of a nuclear chain reaction

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25
Q

Coolant

A

A substance used to transfer thermal energy from the core of a nuclear reactor

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26
Q

Induced nuclear fission

A

A fission reaction started when a neutron is absorbed by a nucleus

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27
Q

Mass defect

A

The difference between the total mass of the individual, separate nucleons and the mass of the nucleus

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28
Q

Moderator

A

A material used in a nuclear reactor to slow down fast-moving neutrons so that they have a greater change of interacting with the fissile nuclei

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29
Q

Activity

A

The rate of decay or disintegration of nuclei in a radioactive sample

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30
Q

Decay constant

A

The probability of a nucleus decaying per unit time

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31
Q

N as in A = λN

A

The number of undecayed nuclei in a sample

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32
Q

Half-life

A

The mean time taken for half the number of active nuclei in a radioactive sample to decay

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33
Q

Chain reaction

A

An exponential growth of a fission reaction caused by the increasing flux of neutrons causing fission

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34
Q

Spontaneous

A

Occurs without external influence

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35
Q

Random

A

Cannot be predicted

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36
Q

Binding energy

A

The minimum external energy required (per nucleon) to separate all the protons and neutrons in a nucleus

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37
Q

Binding energy per nucleon

A

The minimum external energy required (per nucleon) to separate all the protons and neutrons in a nucleus

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38
Q

Antimatter

A

Particles with the same mass but opposite charge and properties

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39
Q

Annihilation

A

When matter and antimatter collide to produce gamma ray photons only

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40
Q

Electro-magnetic intensity

A

Electromagnetic power per unit cross-sectional area

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41
Q

Photon

A

A quantum of electromagnetic energy

42
Q

Electric field strength

A

The electric force per unit positive charge

43
Q

Torque of a couple

A

One of the forces multiplied by perpendicular distance between the two forces

44
Q

Coulomb’s Law

A

Any two point charges exert an electrical force on each other that is proportional to the product of their charges and inversely proportional to the square of the distance between them.

45
Q

Fleming’s left-hand rule

A

The rule used to predict the direction of the force experienced by a current-carrying conductor placed in an external magnetic field.

46
Q

Solenoid

A

A long current-carrying coil used to generate a uniform magnetic field within its core

47
Q

Magnetic flux density

A

The strength of a magnetic field, given by the magnetic flux lines per unit area perpendicular to the flux lines

48
Q

Tesla

A

The strength of a magnetic field that will produce a force of 1N on a current of 1A in a wire of length 1m at right angles to a magnetic field.

49
Q

Fleming’s right-hand rule

A

The rule used to predict the direction of the induced current on a moving conductor in an external magnetic field

50
Q

Electromotive force

A

The energy transferred to electrical per unit charge

51
Q

Magnetic flux

A

The product of magnetic flux density normal to a circuit and the cross-sectional area of the circuit.

52
Q

Weber

A

The number of flux lines through a 1m2 area in a field of strength 1T.

53
Q

Magnetic flux linkage

A

The product of the magnetic flux and the number of turns on a coil.

54
Q

Faraday’s law

A

The induced emf in a circuit loop equals the rate of change of magnetic flux linkage.

55
Q

Lenz’s law

A

The induced emf is in a direction that opposes the change producing it.

56
Q

Thermal equilibrium

A

No net heat flow between objects

57
Q

Pressure

A

Force per unit area

58
Q

Internal energy

A

The sum of the random distribution of kinetic energy and potential energies associated with the molecules of a system.

59
Q

Specific heat capacity

A

The energy required per unit mass of a substance to raise its temperature by 1 degree

60
Q

Absolute zero

A

The temperature at which the internal energy of a system is a minimum

61
Q

1 mole.

A

The amount of a substance such that there are 6.02x10^23 basic particles present.

62
Q

Avagadro’s Constant (NA)

A

6.02x10^23 – the number of particles in a system when there is 1 mole present.

63
Q

Specific Latent Heat (L)

A

The energy supplied to change phase of 1Kg of substance at constant temperature.

64
Q

Latent heat of fusion

A

The energy absorbed by a substance to change its state from solid to liquid with no change in temperature

65
Q

Latent heat of vaporisation

A

The energy absorbed by a substance to change its state from liquid to gas with no change in temperature.

66
Q

Boyle’s Law

A

For a system at constant temperature with constant mass, the product of pressure and volume is a constant.PV = NkT providing N and T are constant.

67
Q

Assumptions of an Ideal Gas

A

•Collisions between molecules and the container walls are elastic•Force between molecules is negligible except during collisions•Volume of the molecules is negligible compared to the volume of the container•Time within a collision is negligible compared to the time between collisions

68
Q

Brownian motion

A

Molecules have random motion due to many collisions with very fast, tiny (unseen) molecules which are moving in random directions.

69
Q

Temperature

A

Shows which way heat will flow.

70
Q

Heat

A

Thermal energy

71
Q

Displacement (for oscillations)

A

The distance and direction of an oscillating object from its rest position.

72
Q

Amplitude

A

The maximum displacement of an oscillating object from its rest position

73
Q

Period

A

The time taken for an object to make one complete oscillation

74
Q

Frequency

A

The number of oscillations of a particle per unit time

75
Q

Angular frequency

A

The rate of change of angle expressed in radians per second

76
Q

Phase difference

A

The fraction of an oscillation between two oscillating particles expressed in degrees or radians

77
Q

Path difference

A

The amount by which two waves are out of step with each other

78
Q

Simple harmonic motion

A

Motion of an oscillator whose acceleration is directly proportional to displacement and directed towards the equilibrium position

79
Q

Newton’s 1st Law

A

An object will remain at rest or continue to travel at constant velocity unless acted on by an external force

80
Q

Newton’s 2nd Law

A

The resultant force on an object is directly proportional to and in the same direction as its rate of change of linear momentum

81
Q

Newton’s 3rd Law

A

If body A acts on body B with a force F then body B acts on body A with a force equal in magnitude but opposite in direction to F

82
Q

Newton’s Law of gravitation

A

Force is directly proportional to the product of their masses and inversely proportional to the square of their separation.

83
Q

Newton

A

The force which gives a mass of 1 kg an acceleration of 1ms^-2

84
Q

Linear momentum

A

Mass x velocity = linear momentum

85
Q

Net force on a body

A

Rate of change of momentum

86
Q

Impulse of a force

A

The product of a force and the time for which it acts OR the change in momentum of an object

87
Q

Principle of conservation of momentum

A

In a closed system the total momentum in any direction is conserved.

88
Q

Perfectly elastic collision

A

A collision in which both kinetic energy and momentum are conserved

89
Q

Inelastic collision

A

A collision in which momentum is conserved but kinetic energy is not

90
Q

Completely inelastic collision

A

A collision in which all of the kinetic energy is converted to other forms

91
Q

Radian

A

The angle subtended by an arc equal in length to the radius of the circle

92
Q

Centripetal acceleration

A

The total acceleration of an object which is undergoing circular motion OR the acceleration towards the centre of the circle.

93
Q

Centripetal force

A

The total force acting on an object which is undergoing circular motion OR the resultant force on an object which is travelling in a circle.

94
Q

Gravitational field strength

A

The gravitational force per unit mass

95
Q

Gravitational field

A

A region in space, which any mass will experience a force of attraction. All masses have a gravitational field around them.

96
Q

Gravitational Potential

A

The energy needed to bring a unit point mass from infinity to a given location.

97
Q

Period (circular motion)

A

The time to make one complete revolution

98
Q

Geostationary orbit

A

The orbit of an artificial satellite with a period of one day that remains above the same point on the Earth’s equator.

99
Q

Acoustic Impedance

A

Z = ρc where ρ is the density of the material and c is the speed of ultrasound in the material

100
Q

Piezoelectric effect

A

The application of a p.d. across a material / crystal causes an expansion / vibration / contraction

101
Q

Acoustic impedance matching

A

The impedances of the media are similar

Physics (10 decks)

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