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Medical Terminology > Combining Forms > Flashcards

Combining Forms Flashcards

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USMLE® Step 1 flashcards
0
Q

ADEN/O

A

Gland

Ex: aden/oma - tumor of glandular cell

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1
Q

ABDOMIN/O

A

Abdomen

Ex: abdomin/al - pertaining to the abdomen

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3
Q

ADENOID/O

A

Adenoid - A lymphoid tissue growth located at the back of the nose in the upper part of the throat that when swollen may obstruct normal breathing and make speech difficult.

Ex: adenoid/ectomy - removal of the adenoid.

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4
Q

AN/O

A

Anus (opening of the digestive tract to the outside of the body).

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5
Q

ADREN/O, ADRENAL/O

A

Adrenal gland

Ex: adren/o/pathy - disease of the adrenal glands.
adrenal/ectomy - removal of an adrenal gland.

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6
Q

APPEND/O, APPENDIC/O

A

Appendix

Ex: append/ectomy - excision of the appendix

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7
Q

ANGI/O

A

Blood vessel

Ex: angi/o/graphy - x-ray recording of blood vessels after contrast is injected.
angi/o/plasty - Surgical repair of a blood vessel

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8
Q

ANTER/O

A

Front

Ex: anter/ior -pertaining to the front of the body or part

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10
Q

ATEL/O

A

Incomplete

Source: OL Resource

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11
Q

AORT/O, AORTA/O

A

Aorta

Largest artery, which leads from the lower left chamber of the heart to arteries all over the body.

Ex: aort/ic stenosis - narrowing of the Aorta

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12
Q

ARTERI/O

A

Artery - carries blood away from heart.

Ex: arteri/o/graphy - Process of recording (x-ray) of arteries after injecting contrast material.

  arteri/o/sclerosis - hardening of the arteries
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13
Q

AXILL/O

A

Armpit (underarm)

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14
Q

ARTERIOL/O

A

Small artery

Ex: arteriole - small artery

   arteriolitis - inflammation of small arties
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15
Q

ARTHR/O

A

Joint

Ex: arthr/itis - inflammation of a joint

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16
Q

ATHER/O

A

Fatty plaque. (a yellow, fatty material)

Ex: ather/o/sclerosis - hardening of the arteries due to a cholesterol-like plaque deposit

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17
Q

BLEPHAR/O

A

Eyelid

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18
Q

AUR/O

A

Ear

Ex: aur/al - pertaining to the ear.

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19
Q

BI/O

A

Life (living)

Ex: bi/ology - study of life

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20
Q

BALAN/O

A

Penis

Ex: balan/itis - inflammation of the penis

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21
Q

CARP/O

A

Carpals (wrist bones)

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22
Q

BRONCH/O, BRONCHI/O

A

Bronchial tubes

Ex: bronch/o/scopy - visual examination of the bronchial tubes with an endoscope

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23
Q

CHOLEDOCH/O

A

Common bile duct

Ex: choledoch/o/tomy -incision of common bile duct
choledoch/o/duoden/o/stomy - new surgical attachment to the duodenum; an anastomosis.

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24
Q

BRACHI/O

A

Arm

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27
Q

CHEM/O

A

Drug; also chemical

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28
Q

CHOLECYST/O

A

Gallbladder

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29
Q

CERBER/O

A

Cerebrum, largest part of brain

Ex: cerebr/al - pertaining to the cerebrum

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30
Q

CEPHAL/O

A

Head

Ex: cephal/ic - pertaining to the head

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31
Q

CARCIN/O

A

Cancer, cancerous

Ex: carcin/oma - cancerous tumor

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32
Q

CARDI/O

A

Heart - {use with -ac, -graphy, -logy, -logist, -megaly, -pathy}

Ex: electr/o/cardi/o/gram - record of electricity in the heart

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35
Q

CERVIC/O

A

Neck of the body

Neck (cervix) of the uterus

Ex: cervic/al - pertaining to neck of body
Or pertaining to the uterine cervix

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37
Q

CHOL/E

A

Bile, gall

Ex:

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38
Q

COMI/O

A

Care for

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39
Q

CHONDR/O

A

Cartilage

Ex: hyp/o/chondr/iac - pertaining to lateral regions of upper abdomen beneath the lower ribs

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41
Q

COST/O

A

Ribs

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42
Q

CHRON/O

A

Time

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43
Q

COLP/O

A

Vagina

Ex: colp/o/scopy - visual examination of the vagina and the cervix.

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44
Q

CIS/O

A

To cut

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45
Q

COCCYG/O

A

Coccyx, tailbone

Ex: coccyg/eal - pertaining to the coccyx (tailbone)

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46
Q

CORON/O

A

Heart {use with -ary}

Ex: coron/ary - pertaining to the heart

  coron/ary arteries - blood vessels that carry oxygen rich blood from the aorta to heart muscle.
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47
Q

CONI/O

A

Dust

Source: OL Body: Repository System

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48
Q

CUTANE/O

A

Skin: {use with -ous}

Ex: sub/cutane/ous - lower layer of skin composed of fatty tissue.

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49
Q

CRY/O

A

Cold

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50
Q

CRANI/O

A

Skull

Ex: crani/o/tomy - incision of the skull

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51
Q

CRIN/O

A

To secrete (to form and give off)

Ex: endo/crine glands - glands that secret hormones within the body

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52
Q

CRYPT/O

A

Hidden

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53
Q

CYST/O

A

Urinary bladder; also a sac of fluid or a cyst

Ex: cyst/o/scope - instrument to visually examine the urinary bladder

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54
Q

ERYTHR/O

A

Red

Ex: erythr/o/cyte - red blood cells

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55
Q

CYT/O

A

Cell

Ex: cyt/ology - study of a cell

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56
Q

DUODEN/O

A

Duodenum - the first portion of the small intestine, from the stomach to the jejunum.

Ex: duoden/al - pertaining to the duodenum

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57
Q

DUCT/O

A

Limb

Ex: ad/duct/or - muscle carries a limb toward the center or median line of the body.

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58
Q

ESOPHAG/O

A

Esophagus (tube from the throat to the stomach)

Ex: esophag/eal - pertaining to the esophagus

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59
Q

DUR/O

A

Dura mater (outermost meningeal membrane surrounding the brain and spinal cord)

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60
Q

ELECTR/O

A

Electricity

Ex: electr/o/cardi/o/gram - record of electricity in the heart

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61
Q

ESTHESI/O

A

Sensation

Ex: an/esthesi/o/logy - such of how to administer agents to bring about a loss of sensation.

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62
Q

EM/O

A

Blood (embedded in suffix)

Ex: an/emia - no blood or decreased ability to carry oxygen

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63
Q

GER/O

A

Old age

Ex: ger/iatr/ics - pertaining to treatment of people with old age.

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64
Q

ENCEPHAL/O

A

Brain

Ex: electr/o/encephal/o/gram - to record electrical activity of the brain

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65
Q

ENTER/O

A

Intestines (usually small)

Ex: gastroenterology - study of the stomach and intestines

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67
Q

EPITHELI/O

A

Skin, surface tissue

Ex: epitheli/al - cells on the outer layer (surface) of the skin
- the lining on the internal organs

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69
Q

GEN/O

A

To produce, to begin

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70
Q

HYPOPHYS/O

A

Pituitary gland

Ex: hypophys/o/eal - pertaining to the pituitary gland

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71
Q

FIBR/O

A

Fibrous Tissue

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72
Q

GASTR/O

A

Stomach

Ex: gastr/o/enter/o/logy - study of the stomach and intestines

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73
Q

GLI/O

A

Glue, neurological tissue (supportive tissue of central nervous system - CNS)

Ex: gli/o/blast/oma - malignant brain tumor

Source: OL Body: Nervous System

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74
Q

HYSTER/O

A

Uterus

Ex: hyster/ectomy - excision of the uterus

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75
Q

GLYC/O

A

Sugar

Ex: hyper/glyc/emia - excessive sugar in blood stream.

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76
Q

GLOSS/O

A

Tongue

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77
Q

GYNEC/O

A

Woman, female

Ex: gynec/o/logy - study of female disorders

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78
Q

GNOS/O

A

Knowledge

Ex: dia/gnos/is - complete state of patient

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80
Q

HEM/O

HEMAT/O

A

Blood

Ex: hemat/o/logy - the study of blood

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81
Q

HIST/O

A

Tissue

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82
Q

HEPAT/O

A

Liver

Ex: hepat/itis - inflammation of the liver

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84
Q

HYDR/O

A

Water

Ex: hydr/o/nephr/osis - abnormal condition of fluid or water in the kidney.

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86
Q

LIGAMENT/O

A

Ligament

Ex: ligament/ous - pertaining to a ligament.

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87
Q

IATR/O

A

Treatment, physician

Ex: iatro/genic - pertaining to a patient’s abnormal condition that results unexpectedly from a treatment.
ped/iatr/ics - doctor who diagnoses and treats children’s disorders.

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88
Q

IMMUN/O

A

Protection

Source: on-line medical mix arcade

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89
Q

LYMPHANGI/O

A

Lymph vessel

Ex: lymphangi/ectasis - dilation of small lymph vessels

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90
Q

ILE/O

A

Ileum (The third and terminal portion of the small intestine, extending from the jejunum to the cecum).

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91
Q

ISCH/O

A

To hold back

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92
Q

INGUIN/O

A

Groin (area in which the thigh meets the trunk of the body)

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93
Q

LARYNG/O

A

Larynx (voice box)

Ex: laryng/eal - pertaining to the larynx
Laryng/ectomy - removal of the larynx

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94
Q

LAPAR/O

A

Abdomen

Ex: lapar/o/tomy - cutting into the abdominal cavity

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96
Q

LATER/O

A

Side

Ex: later/al - pertaining to the side

97
Q

LYMPHADEN/O

A

Lymph node (“gland”)

Ex: lymphaden/o/ectomy - removal of lymph nodes.

98
Q

LEIOMY/O

A

Visceral or “smooth” muscle

LEIO- = smooth
My = muscle
99
Q

LEUK/O

A

White

Ex: leuk/o/cyte - white blood cells

102
Q

LUMB/O

A

Loin (waist)

Ex: lumb/ar - pertaining to the loin (waist)

103
Q

LIP/O

A

Fat

104
Q

LOG/O

A

Study of

Ex: ophthalm/log/ist - person who specializes in the study of the eye.

106
Q

MORPH/O

A

Shape or form

Ex: morph/o/logy - study of the shape or form of cells

Source: on-line student resources

107
Q

LYMPH/O

A

Lymph (clear fluid in tissue spaces and lymph vessels)

Ex: lymph/o/cyte - white blood cells found within lymph nodes and fights disease. T cells and B cells are types. B cells produce proteins called antibodies.

108
Q

MAMM/O

A

Breast

(use with -ARY, -GRAPHY, -GRAM, and -PLASTY)

109
Q

MEDULL/O

A

Medulla oblongata

Ex: medull/ary - pertaining to the inner or soft part of an organ.

110
Q

MAST/O

A

Breast
(use with -ECTOMY and -ITIS)

Ex: mast/ectomy - excision of the breast

111
Q

MEDIASTIN/O

A

Mediastinum (space between the lungs) - the heart is located here.

Ex: mediastin/al - pertaining to space between the lungs.

[media = middle; stin = partition or wall]

112
Q

MYOS/O

A

Muscle - {use with -itis}

Ex: myos/itis - inflammation of muscle.

113
Q

MELAN/O

A

Black

114
Q

MENING/O

A

Meninges (membranes around the brain and spinal cord)

meh-NIN-jeez

116
Q

MORT/O

A

Death

Also: NECR/O
Source: on-line medical mix arcade

117
Q

MY/O

A

Muscle - {use with -algia, -ectomy, -oma, -gram, -neural}

Ex: my/o/sarc/oma - disease of heart muscle.

118
Q

ODONT/O

A

Tooth

Ex: orth/odont/ist - dentist specializing in straightening teeth

119
Q

MUSCUL/O

A

Muscle - connective tissue that contracts to make movement possible. { use with -ar, -skeletal}

Ex: Muscul/ar - pertaining to muscles
Muscul/o/skeletal - pertaining to the muscle and skeletal systems.

122
Q

MYEL/O

A

Spinal cord (nervous tissue connected to the brain, located within the spinal column).

Bone marrow (soft, inner part of bones, where blood cells are made)
  Ex: myel/o/dys/plasia - abnormal development of bone marrow.
123
Q

OR/O

A

Mouth

Ex: or/al - pertaining to the mouth

124
Q

OVARI/O

A

Ovary - {use with -an}

Ex: ovari/an cyst - sac containing fluid or semisolid material in or on the ovary.

125
Q

NEUR/O

A

Nerve

Ex: neur/o/logy - study of the nerves

126
Q

NOS/O

A

Disease

Ex: nos/o/comi/al - pertaining to or originating in the hospital.

127
Q

NAT/I

A

Birth

128
Q

NEPHR/O

A

Kidney
(Greek root: abnormal conditions & procedures)
Use with all suffixes except -AL and -GRAM which use REN/O)

Ex: nephr/ectomy - cutting out a kidney

130
Q

PED/O

A

Child. Comes from Greek word, paidos.
Foot. Comes from Latin

Ex: ped/iatr/ics - branch of medicine specializing in the treatment of children.

131
Q

OBSTETR/O

A

Midwife

Ex: obstetr/ic - pertaining to pregnancy, labor, and delivery of a baby.

132
Q

NORM/O

A

Rule, order

135
Q

ORCHID/O

A

Testis

Ex: orchid/ectomy - Removal of a testicle.{use with -itis, -ectomy, -pexy, -plasty, -tomy}

136
Q

OPT/O

A

Eye: {use with -ic, -metrist}

Ex: opt/o/metr/ist - non-medical specialist trained to examine, test eyes, and provide corrective lenses. Cannot treat eye diseases.

137
Q

OCUL/O

A

Eye: {use with -ar, -facial, -motor}

Ex: ocul/ar - pertaining to the eye.

138
Q

ONC/O

A

Tumor

Ex: onc/o/logist - specialist in study of tumors

139
Q

OPTIC/O

A

Eye

Ex: optic/ian - non-medical specialist to provide eye glasses by filing a prescription.

140
Q

ORCHI/O

A

Testis

Ex: orchi/o/pexy - surgical fixation of the testicles into its proper location.

141
Q

OOPHOR/O

A

Ovary - {use with -itis, -ectomy, -pexy, -plasty, -tomy}

Ex: oophor/ectomy - excision of an ovary

142
Q

ORTH/O

A

Straight

Ex: orth/o/ped/ist - specialist in the surgical correction of musculoskeletal disorders.

143
Q

OPHTHALM/O

A

Eye: {use with -ia, -ic, -logist, -logy, -pathy, -plasty, -plegia, -scope, -scopy}

Ex: ophthalm/o/scope - instrument to examine the eye

144
Q

ORCH/O

A

Testis

Ex: orch/itis - inflammation of a testicle.

145
Q

PITUITAR/O

A

Pituitary gland

Ex: hypo/pituitary/ism - decrease or stoppage of hormonal secretion by the pituitary gland.

146
Q

PULMON/O

A

Lung: {use with -ary}

Ex: pulmon/ary - pertaining to the lung.

147
Q

CHOLANGI/O

A

Bile ducts

Ex: cholangi/o/graphy - x-ray examination of the bile ducts using a radiopaque contrast medium.

148
Q

METR/O

A

Uterus - {use form with -itis, -rrhagia)

Ex: metr/itis - inflammation of the uterus.

149
Q

PARATHYROID/O

A

Parathyroid gland

Ex: hyper/parathyroid/ism - Higher-than-normal level of parathyroid hormone in the blood.

150
Q

ACR/O

A

Extremities

Ex: acr/o/megaly - enlargement of the extremities as a result of thickening of bones and soft tissues. Caused by excessive secretion of growth hormone.

151
Q

PELV/O

A

Hip bone; Pelvis (bones of the hip)

Ex: pelv/ic - pertaining to bones of the hip

152
Q

OSTE/O

A

Bone

Ex: oste/o/arthr/itis - inflammation of bone joints

153
Q

OT/O

A

Ear

Ex: ot/itis - inflammation of the ear.

155
Q

RHABDOMY/O

A

Skeletal Muscle

156
Q

PELV/O or PELV/I

A

Hip bone area; pelvis

157
Q

PLAS/O

A

Formation, growth, development

158
Q

PATH/O

A

Disease

Ex: path/o/logist - specialist who examines dead bodies to determine the cause of death

159
Q

PNEUMON/O

A

Lung: {use with -ectomy, -ia, -ic, -itis, -pathy}

Ex: pneumon/ectomy - removal of a lung.

160
Q

PHLEB/O

A

Vein

Ex: phleb/o/tomy - incision of a vein for the removal of blood or the insertion of an intravenous catheter.

161
Q

RECT/O

A

Rectum

Ex: rect/o/cele - hernia or protrusion into the vagina from the rectum

162
Q

POSTER/O

A

Back, behind

Ex: poster/ior - pertaining to the back portion of a structure or body part.

163
Q

PERITONE/O

A

Peritone/um (membrane surrounding the abdominal organs)

Ex: peritone/al - pertaining to membrane surrounding abdominal organs.
Peritoneal fluid lubricates the surfaces of the peritoneum to prevent friction.

166
Q

PLEUR/O

A

Pleura - double membrane surrounding the lungs

Ex: pleur/itis -inflammation of the membrane surrounding the lungs

167
Q

PROCT/O

A

Anus and rectum

Ex: proct/o/scopy - Visual examination of the anus and rectum.

168
Q

PNEUM/O

A

Lung: {use with -coccus, -coniosis, -thorax}

Ex: pneum/o/coccus - bacterium causing pneumonia and other associated diseases.

169
Q

PROSTAT/O

A

Prostate gland

Ex: prostat/ectomy - removal of the prostate

170
Q

JEJUN/O

A

Jejunum - The section of the small intestine between the duodenum and the ileum.

171
Q

SIGMOID/O

A

Sigmoid colon - The S-shaped section of the colon between the pelvic brim and the third sacral segment, continuous with the rectum.

Ex: sigmoid/o/scopy - visual examination of the sigmoid colon.

172
Q

URETHR/O

A

Urethra - tube leading from the bladder to outside the body.

Ex: urethr/itis - inflammation of the urethra.

173
Q

SON/O

A

Sound

174
Q

VARIC/O

A

Swollen Veins

Ex: varic/o/cele - swollen, twisted veins within the spermatic cord, above the testes producing a swelling in the scrotum.

175
Q

SACR/O

A

Sacrum (five fused bones in the lower back)

Ex: sacr/al - pertaining to 5 fused bones (sacrum) in lower back.

176
Q

RRHYTHM/O

A

Rhythm

Ex: a/rrhythm/ia - abnormal heart rhythm

177
Q

RADI/O

A

X-rays

Ex: radi/o/therapy - treatment of disease (cancer) with high energy x-rays or particles (photons or protons).

178
Q

POD/O

A

Foot

179
Q

SPONDYL/O

A

Vertebra

Ex: spondyl/osis - abnormal condition of the vertebra

180
Q

METRI/O

A

Uterus - {use form with -al, -um}

Ex: endo/metri/um - Inner lining of the uterus.

181
Q

PSYCH/O

A

Mind

Ex: psych/osis - abnormal condition of the mind

182
Q

VAGIN/O

A

Vagina

Ex: vagin/itis - inflammation of the vagina

183
Q

PYEL/O

A

Renal pelvis (central section of the kidney where urine collects).

Ex: pyel/o/gram - record of the renal pelvis

184
Q

SCAPUL/O

A

Scapula (shoulder blade)

185
Q

SEPTIC/O

A

Pertaining to infection

186
Q

O/O

A

Egg

Ex: o/o/cyte - egg cell (ovum)

187
Q

REN/O

A

Kidney: {use with -al, -gram}

Ex: ren/al - pertaining to the kidney

188
Q

THYROADEN/O

A

Thyroid gland

Ex: thyroaden/itis - inflammation of the thyroid gland.

189
Q

SARC/O

A

Flesh

Ex: sarc/oma - cancerous tumor of the flesh

190
Q

RHEUMAT/O

A

Flow or watery discharge

Ex: rheumat/o/logy - study of joint diseases

191
Q

SPLEN/O

A

Spleen - Lymphatic System; organ in left upper quadrant (LUQ) of the abdomen. Stores blood cells and destroys dying red blood cells while producing white blood cells called Lymphocytes.

Ex: splen/ectomy - removal of the spleen

192
Q

TONSILL/O

A

Tonsil

Ex: tonsil/it is - inflammation of tonsils

193
Q

RHIN/O

A

Nose: {use with -itis, -rrhea, -plasty}

Ex: rhin/itis - inflammation of the nose

194
Q

STOMAT/O

A

Mouth

Ex: stomat/itis - inflammation of the mouth

195
Q

SCROT/O

A

Scrotum

Ex: scrot/al - pertaining to the scrotum.

196
Q

SALPING/O

A

Fallopian (uterine) tube

Ex: salping/ectomy - excision of a fallopian tube

197
Q

URETER/O

A

Ureter - tube leading from kidneys to bladder.

Ex: ureter/ectomy - removal of a ureter

198
Q

VAS/O

A

Vas deferens

Ex: vas/ectomy - removal of the vas deferens or a portion so that sperm cells are prevented from becoming part of semen.

199
Q

CEREBELL/O

A

Cerebellum

Ex: cerebell/ar - pertaining to the cerebellum.

200
Q

ALVEOL/O

A

Alveoli - air sacs within the lungs

Ex: alveol/ar - pertaining to the alveoli

201
Q

BRONCHIOL/O

A

Bronchiole - small bronchial tubes

Ex: bronchiol/itis - inflammation of the bronchiole

202
Q

THYM/O

A

Thymus gland - Lymphatic System; endocrine gland in middle of chest produces hormone thymosin. Stimulates production of Lymphocytes.

203
Q

SPIN/O

A

Spine (backbone)

Ex: spin/al - pertaining to the spine or backbone

204
Q

TRACHE/O

A

Trachea or windpipe

Ex: trache/o/stomy - opening of the windpipe to the outside of the body

205
Q

THYROID/O

A

Thyroid gland which secrets thyroxine to help burn food and release energy

206
Q

CYAN/O

A

Blue

Ex: cyan/osis - bluish discoloration of the skin due to deficient oxygen in the bloodstream.

207
Q

EPIGLOTT/O

A

Epiglottis - flap of cartilage that closes the trachea when swallowing occurs.

Ex: epiglott/itis - inflammation of the epiglottis.

208
Q

NAS/O

A

Nose: {use with -al}

Ex: nas/al - pertaining to the nose

209
Q

PHREN/O

A

Diaphragm

Ex: phren/ic - pertaining to the diaphragm

210
Q

TEN/O

A

Tendon

Ex: ten/o/rrhaphy - surgical suture of a tendon.

211
Q

THROMB/O

A

Clotting

Ex: thromb/o/cyte - cell involved with clotting

212
Q

TENDIN/O

A

Tendon

Ex: tendin/itis - inflammation of a tendon

213
Q

PHARYNG/O

A

Pharynx - throat

Ex: pharyng/itis - inflammation of the pharynx

214
Q

VERTEBR/O

A

Vertebra (backbone)

Ex: inter/vertebr/al - pertaining to lying between two backbones.

215
Q

DERMAT/O

A

Skin: {use with -itis, -logy, -osis}

Ex: dermat/itis - inflammation of the skin

216
Q

MYRING/O

A

Eardrum

Ex: myring/o/tomy - incision of the eardrum

217
Q

TYMPAN/O

A

Eardrum

Ex: tympan/o/plasty - surgical repair of the ear drum and the bones of the middle ear.

219
Q

ONYCH/O

A

Nail: {use with -lys}

Ex: onych/o/lysis - separation of the nail from its base

220
Q

TOP/O

A

To put, place, position, location

Ex: ec/top/ic - pertaining to a place outside.

221
Q

PAK/O

A

Lens of the eye

Ex: a/pak/ia - absence of the lens of the eye.

222
Q

PIL/O

A

Hair

Ex: pil/o/seb/aceous - pertaining to hair and its sebaceous gland.

223
Q

UR/O

A

Urine or urea (a waste material); urinary tract

224
Q

RETIN/O

A

Retina

Ex: retin/o/pathy - diseases of the retina.

225
Q

TRICH/O

A

Hair

Ex: trich/o/pagia - habit of eating hair

226
Q

UTER/O

A

Uterus - {use form with -ine}

Ex: uter/ine - pertaining to the uterus.

227
Q

VESIC/O

A

Urinary bladder

Ex: intra/vesic/al - pertaining to within the urinary bladder.

228
Q

UNGU/O

A

Nail: {use with -al}

Ex: sub/ungu/al hemat/oma - collection of blood under nail

229
Q

VENUL/O

A

Venule {small veins}

Ex: Venul/itis - inflammation of small veins

230
Q

VASCUL/O

A

Vessel (arteries and veins)

Ex: vascul/ar - pertaining to blood vessels

240
Q

VEN/O

A

Vein - carries blood back to the heart from tissues of the body

241
Q

LITH/O

A

Stone

Medical Terminology (8 decks)

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