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Combined Science - Physics Paper 1 (Higher) > Combined Physics - P1 Energy > Flashcards

Combined Physics - P1 Energy Flashcards

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1
Q

In physics, what is a ‘system’?

A

A group of objects

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2
Q

What are the four ways in which energy can be transferred?

A
  1. Mechanically (by a force doing work)
  2. Electrically (work done by moving charge)
  3. Heating
  4. Radiation (light and sound)
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3
Q

What is work done the same as?

A

Energy transferred

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4
Q

What equation links kinetic energy, mass and velocity?

A

Ek = 0.5 x m x v2

Kinetic energy = 0.5 x mass x velocity2

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5
Q

Name the 8 energy stores.

A
  1. Thermal
  2. Kinetic
  3. Gravitational Potential
  4. Elastic Potential
  5. Chemical
  6. Magnetic
  7. Electrostatic
  8. Nuclear
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6
Q

What is a closed system?

A

A system where matter or energy cannot leave or enter.

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7
Q

What equation links gravitational potential energy, mass, gravitational field strength and height?

A

Ep = m g h

Gravitational Potential Energy = mass x gravitational field strength x height

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8
Q

Describe the energy changes involved in a falling ball.

A

The ball’s gravitational potential energy store decreases.

The ball’s kinetic energy store increases.

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9
Q

What are the units for work done?

A

Joules

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10
Q

What is specific heat capacity?

A

The amount of energy required to raise the temperature of 1 kg of the substance by 1 oC.

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11
Q

What equation links power, energy transferred and time?

A

Power = Energy Transferred / Time

(P = E/t)

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12
Q

What equation links power, work done and time?

A

Power = Work done / Time

(P = W/t)

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13
Q

Name the energy stored in a stretched or compressed spring.

A

Elastic potential energy

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14
Q

What does ‘conservation of energy’ mean?

A

Energy can be transferred, stored or dissipated, but can never be created or destroyed.

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15
Q

Describe the energy transfer involved in a person lifting a weight.

A
  • The person’s chemical energy store decreases.
  • The kinetic energy store of the person’s arm and the weight increases.
  • The gravitational potential energy store of the person’s arm and the weight increases.
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16
Q

Describe the energy transfer when work is done by friction.

A

Kinetic energy store of the object decreases.

Thermal energy store of the surroundings increases.

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17
Q

A book on the top shelf has a gravitational potential energy store of 100 J. The book falls. How much energy will be in the book’s kinetic energy store as it hits the ground?

A

100 J

18
Q

What is another name for ‘wasted’ energy?

A

Dissipated energy

19
Q

What are lubricants used for?

A

Reduce friction between moving objects.

20
Q

List some examples of house insulation.

A
  • Cavity wall insulation (reduces convection)
  • Loft insulation (reduces convection)
  • Double-glazed windows (reduces conduction)
  • Draught excluders (reduces convection)
21
Q

Describe how energy is transferred by convection.

A
  • Particles gain energy
  • Particles move further apart
  • The fluid becomes less dense
  • Particles rise and transfer energy to other particles
  • The fluid becomes more dense
  • Particles fall
  • A convection current is formed
22
Q

What equation links efficiency, useful power output and total power input?

A

efficiency = useful power output / total power input

23
Q

Why are homes insulated?

A

To reduce heat loss

24
Q

Describe how energy is transferred by conduction.

A
  • Particles vibrate more
  • Particles collide with neighbouring particles
  • Transferring energy
25
Q

To insulate a house, would you want the insulation to have a high or low thermal conductivity?

A

Low thermal conductivity (to reduce heat loss)

26
Q

What equation links efficiency, useful output energy transfer and total input energy transfer.

A

efficiency = useful output energy transfer / total input energy transfer

27
Q

List seven renewable resources

A
  • Bio-fuel
  • Wind
  • Hydro-electricity
  • Geothermal
  • Tidal
  • Solar
  • Water waves
28
Q

Name four non-renewable resources

A
  • Coal
  • Oil
  • Gas
  • Nuclear
29
Q

What do you call energy resources that do not run out?

A

Renewable

30
Q

Name the two gases that can be released by burning fossil fuels and the environmental problems they cause.

A

Carbon dioxide – global warming

Sulfur dioxide – acid rain

31
Q

Higher Q. Give three ways the efficiency of an energy transfer be increased.

A
  • Insulation
  • Lubrication
  • More streamlined
32
Q

List the three types of fossil fuel

A
  • Coal
  • Oil
  • Gas
33
Q

Name three energy resources that are not reliable.

A
  • Wind
  • Wave
  • Solar
34
Q

Describe how solar cells work and give some advantages and disadvantages.

A

Solar cells absorb light energy and transfer it into electrical energy.

(+) Do not produce CO2

(+) Expensive to buy and install

(+) Useful in remote places – can be used on a small scale to power road signs.

(-) Not reliable – only work when sunny

(-) They do not produce electricity at night

35
Q

Describe how electricity is produced using hydroelectric power and give some advantages and disadvantages.

A
  • Water collected in a large dam/reservoir
  • Water falls from a height and falls through turbines
  • The turbines drive a generator that generates electricity.

(+) Doesn’t produce CO2 or other pollutants. Can immediately generate electricity to meet sudden surges in demand for electricity.

(-) High initial costs, damage to the environment, habitat loss, visual pollution.

36
Q

Describe how electricity is produced using tidal power and give some advantages and disadvantages.

A
  • A tidal barrage is built across an estuary.
  • The tides are produced by the gravitational pull of the Sun and Moon.
  • As the tide comes in/out, it builds up behind the barrage and is then released through the barrage at a controlled speed.
  • As the water moves through, it turns turbines that turn a generator to produce electricity.

(+) reliable – two tides every day, doesn’t produce CO2 or other pollutants.

(-) high installation costs, damage to wildlife, visual pollution, prevents access to boats

37
Q

Give three disadvantages of nuclear power.

A
  • Lots of nuclear waste is produced
  • Risk of major catastrophe
  • High cost of building power plant
38
Q

Describe how electricity is produced using geothermal power and give some advantages and disadvantages.

A
  • Water is heated by naturally hot rocks underground.
  • Water is turned into steam.
  • The steam turns a turbine that drives a generator to generate electricity.

(+) Reliable, doesn’t produce CO2 or other pollutants

(-) Not many suitable locations where hot rocks are close to the surface

(-) High cost of building the power plant

39
Q

Describe how electricity is produced using wave power and give some advantages and disadvantages.

A

Waves turn turbines that turn a generator to produce electricity (or the wave movement compresses air and the air turns the turbine).

(+) Doesn’t produce CO2 or other pollutants

(-) Spoils view, disturbs seabed and marine habitats

40
Q

Describe how electricity is produced using biofuels and give some advantages and disadvantages.

A

Plants and animal manure are used as a fuel. They are used in a power station to heat water. The water turns to steam which turns a turbine that drives a generator and produces electricity.

(+) carbon neutral (no net increase of CO2) in atmosphere. Reliable because crops don’t take long to grow.

(-) biodiversity loss in fields used to grow crops for biofuels. Deforestation to grow crops.

41
Q

List three energy resources that are reliable.

A

Any three from:

  • Biofuels
  • Fossil Fuels (coal, oil, gas)
  • Nuclear
  • Geothermal
  • Tidal
  • Hydroelectric (except in droughts)
42
Q

Describe how you would measure the specific heat capacity of a block of metal (required practical).

A
  • Measure the mass of the metal block.
  • Put a thermometer into the hole in the block and measure the starting temperature of the block.
  • Connect an immersion heater to a joulemeter and a power pack and place the heater into the metal block.
  • Insulate the block.
  • Heat the block for 5 minutes.
  • Calculate the temperature change of the block.
  • Read the joulemeter to calculate the energy transferred to the block.
  • Calculate specific heat capacity (c) using the following equation: c = E/(mθ)

Combined Science - Physics Paper 1 (Higher) (4 decks)

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