Column 3

Question 1

Ataturk

Answer 1

Ataturk was an Ottoman army officer of the early 19th century who helped forge the modern Turkish State in Anatolia and the area around Istanbul. He wanted to depose the Sultan and declared Turkey a republic and eliminated Islam’s hold over civil and political affairs. He forged the new modern Turkish nation separate from the church and full of European ideas, totally opposing the old ways of the Ottoman Empire. He reconstructed the Turkish nation, including expansion of women’s rights, and turned it into an anti-islamic nation that served as a model for secular and authoritarian rule in the Islamic world.

Question 2

Benito Mussolini

Answer 2

Benito Mussolini, prime minister of Italy in the 1920s, founded Fascist Italy and joined the Axis Powers in WWII. Mussolini’s regime fell short of complete social revolution, nonetheless, it was seen as the first anti-liberal anti-socialist alternative. The early phase of Italian facism served a model for other countries.

Question 3

Facism

Answer 3

Facism was a reactionary and totalitarian movement that developed in the wake of problems following World War One. It tended to support “men of action” offering promises to fix issues like inflation, unemployment, and a decline in traditional values. Mussolini in Italy and Hitler in Germany were two of the only successful fascists to establish full government control, using their power to appear successful despite causing much suffering and destruction in the end.

Question 4

Mohandas Gandhi

Answer 4

Mohandas Gandhi was the leader of an Indian nonviolent struggle for independence from Britain in 1915. he urged people to not cooperate with government officials, boycott British goods, and not send kids to British schools. His spread of resistance was a big step to push back the colonialist ideas. Gandhi instilled Indian pride and resourcefulness to the people, which eventually led to independence during a violent WWII.

Question 5

Great Depression

Answer 5

The Great Depression, triggered in 1929, was when the American stock market collapsed plunging not only the American economy into debt but also the international economy. American banks stopped supporting European countries because the nation needed the money after World War I. Countries like the United States saved capitalism and retained democracy, through policies like FDR’s New Deal, but it also led to the rise of nationalism and facism rule in other areas of the world.

Question 6

Nonviolent Resistance

Answer 6

Nonviolent resistance, encouraged by Gandhi around 1915, was a moral and political philosophy of resistance that believed if Indians pursued self-reliance and self-control in a nonviolent way the British would eventually leave. Nonviolent resistance would eventually be adopted by MLK and used in the American Civil Rights movement as well as a way to fight oppression across the world.

Question 7

Chiang Kai-shek

Question 8

Holocaust

Answer 8

The Holocaust, led by Nazi Germany in the 1930s, was the deliberate racial extermination of Jews, along with other groups the Nazis deemed inferior. Hitler aimed the hate of the German people at the Jews for Germany’s failure in World War I. The difference between facism and Nazism is that Nazism is centered around intense ethnic/racial hate.