Column 2 Flashcards
Boxer Rebellion
Popular movement in China led by martial artists from the Society of Harmonious Fists in 1899-1900 that sought to expel Western and Christian influence from the region because they were seen as corrupting Chinese culture and threatening its viability. About 100,000 died in between the anti-Western purge and the retaliation by foreign military forces who were ultimately forcing the Chinese state to comply with international trade demands.
Mexican Revolution
Led by Pancho Villa & Emiliano Zapata and fueled by the unequal distribution of land and disgruntled workers, the MR erupted when political elites split over the succession of General Diaz after decades of his strong-arm rule. Opponents freaked when Diaz refused to step down, and peasants and workers rallied to the call to arms. Afterward, political leaders had to accept popular demands for democracy, respect the sovereignty of peasant communities, and implement land reform.
Shanghai School
The Shanghai School was a group of painters from the lower Yangzi region of China who used a style of painting characterized by an emphasis on spontaneous brushwork, feelings, and the incorporation into classical Chinese pieces. This period of time in the late 19th century reflected competing cultural modernities before a single western-oriented modern was pursued. In the form of art, it involved critical reflection on Chinese traditions and mixed reactions to Western culture, conveying the divide across the world about the benefits and morality of modernism.
Sun Yat-sen
Sun Yat-sen was a Chinese revolutionary and first provisional president of the Republic of China in early 19th century. Sun played an important role in the overthrow of the Qing dynasty and later founded the Nationalist Party of China. He called for republicanism all in the name of Han nationalism. He critiqued the influence of outside nations on China and advocated for China to go back to its long-standing traditional roots.
Indian National Congress
in the late 19th century, The INC was a nationalist political party of India formed of lawyers, prominent merchants, and notables under the Hindu religion. The congress demanded representation of Indians in administrative and legal bodies, criticized the government’s economic policies and encouraged India’s industrialization. The INC not only embodied political nationalism but a cultural nationalism, emphasizing that even though India was not a single race, they had a unique, unified Hindu culture and common colonial history; which shifted India from a fragmented, colonized India to a single unit.
Pan-Arabism
Led by intellectual and political leaders in the Muslim world such as Jamal al-Din al-Afghani, Pan-Arabism was a pan movement in the late 19th century where Muslim leaders begged their fellow Muslims to unite the Arab Nations, such as Iran and Afghanistan, under Islam against European excursions. The movement called for Muslims to overcome their Sunni/Shiite divisions in order to unite against Western forces. Unfortunately, the ethnic and linguistic diversity of the Middle Eastern nations confused the Muslim’s more. They were unsure whether to pledge loyalty to their government, ethnic people, or religious group. Even so, the pan-Islamism message of unity had a powerful appeal.
Pan-Slavism
Pan-Slavism, which heavily competed with the Pan-Germanism movement, sought to unite all Slavs against their Austrian, German, or Ottoman overlords in the late 19th century, as the overlords owned the land that Slavic peasants farmed. Germans became threatened as Slavic nationalism increased and population grew in areas such as Poland, Serbia, and Ukraine. By Aug. 1914, German resentment for Slavs increased so much the whole of Europe descended into mass warfare, eventually tearing down the Ottoman and Habsburg Empires.
Sojourner Truth
Sojourner Truth, born a slave in New York in 1787, was unable to read or write but left an incredible mark with her speeches. She was a stout abolitionist and preacher and rebuked the antifeminist statements of white ministers. She was one of the first people to bring the enlightenment ideals of Europe to the United States and implements them to fight oppression.
African National Congress
The African National Congress, founded in 1912, of Africa was led by Nelson Mandela and campaigned for an end to discriminatory legislation. Because of extreme racism in Africa and the segregation known as “apartheid”, the group was repeatedly harassed, detained and tried by the government for peaceful protests. Eventually, they responded with violence: Nelson M was sentenced to life in prison and the ANC was banned.
Anglo-Boer War
