Colors and Markings, Associations, Gaits Flashcards
dark spots on or near the coronet band. they are often inside a white marking. also known as ermines
distal spot
vertical white marking of medium, uniform width extending the length of the face
blaze
any white marking between the two nostrils
snip
any white marking on the forehead
star
very broad blaze. it extends out and around the eyes and/or it extends down to the upper lip and around the nostrils
bald face
narrow white marking extending vertically in the area between the forehead and the nostrils
strip
any narrow white marking around the coronet above the hoof
coronet
white marking which includes only half the pastern above the coronet
half pastern
white marking which includes the entire pastern
pastern
white marking which extends around the leg, from the coronet halfway up the cannon bone
sock
full white marking to the area of the knee on the foreleg and to the area of the hock on the hind leg. it is an extended sock
stocking
body-color dark red or brownish red, mane and tail are black, usually black on lower legs
bay
body-color brown or black with light areas at muzzle, eyes, flank, and inside upper legs, mane and tail points are black, may be difficult to distinguish from a bay
brown
body color is true black without light areas, mane and tail are black, may fade in sun, true black horses are uncommon
black
body color is a dark red or brownish red, mane and tail are usually dark red or brownish-red but may be flaxen (red with brown undertones)
chestnut
body color is reddish or copper red, mane and tail are usually the same color as body but may be flaxen
sorrel
even mixture of black/gray hairs and white
steel gray
chestnut or bay hairs mixed with white
rose gray
they have flecks of red throughout their coat
flea-bitten gray
they have spots of lighter hair throughout a darker body (look like circles)
dapples
genetically dominant color or more correctly a depigmentation
gray
true horses of this color are very rare, born with blue, brown, or hazel eyes, has pink skin
white
is a lethal gene, there are no true horses of this trait
albinism
has a gene for removing pigment, some are born dead or deaf
sabino paint
body color is a golden yellow, mane and tail are white, no dorsal stripes present, considered a color breed, coat color is caused by a dilution gene on a chestnut horse
palomino
light or pink skin over the body, white or cream-colored hair and blue eyes
cremelo
light or pink skin over the body, white or cream-colored hair and blue eyes. mane, tail and lower legs slightly darker than body color
perlino
body color is yellowish or gold (resembles a tanned deer hide), mane and tail are black, usually have black on lower legs, typically no dorsal stripe
buckskin
body color yellowish or gold (duller color version of a buckskin), mane and tail are black or brown, has a dorsal stripe, usually has zebra stripes on legs and transverse stripe over withers
dun
form of dun with body color yellowish or flesh-colored, mane and tail are red or reddish, flaxen, white or mixed, has a reddish dorsal stripe, usually has red or reddish zebra stripes on legs and transverse stripe over withers
red dun
coloring like a brindle dog, dun coloration with additional dark streaks or flecks, native to netherlands
brindle dun
more or less uniform mixture of white with colored hairs on the body, usually darker on head and lower legs (there is strawberry, red, bay, blue, and brown)
roan
body color is smoky or mouse-colored, mane and tail are black, usually black on lower legs, usually has a dorsal stripe
grulla/grullo
areas of white and another color
-____ stock type horses, also an actual breed
-____ horses used in English disciplines, color variation found among several breeds
paint/pinto
paint/pinto with white on the back
tobiano
paint/pinto splashed with white from the underside
overo
breed of horse with distinctive markings that come in 3 types (blanket, leopard, snowflake), color patterns can change over time, often have white sclera around the eyes and mottled skin
appaloosa
hair swirl, patch of hair growing in the opposite direction of the surrounding hair
whorls
whorls also known as trichoglyphs when they appear elsewhere on the body, recording their location and character is one of the oldest forms of identifying horses (especially horses with no white markings)
cowlicks
white ticking, limited roaning in a specific pattern, white hairs at the top of the horse’s tail (coon tail), interspersed white hairs seen originating at the flanks, distinct from true roan (true roans have even dispersion of white hairs)
rabicano
examples of breed associations
AQHA, APHA, Paso Fino Horse Association, Appaloosa Horse Club, American Warmblood Society, Arabian Horse Association, Clydesdale Breeder or the USA, American Donkey and Mule Association, Friesian Horse Association of North America
examples of associations for equine disciplines
American Cutting Horse Association, American Reining Horse Association, American Ranch Horse Association, United States Equestrian Federation, American Miniature Horse Association, American Shetland Pony Club, American Show Pony Registry, American Miniature Horse Registry
examples of color associations
Palomino Horse Association, American Roan Horse Association
examples of state associations
Washington State Horsemen
Midstate Horse Show Association
Alabama Open Horseman Association
Tri-State Horse Shows Association
Montana State Horse Show Association
South Dakota Cutting Horse Association
South Dakota Quarter Horse Association
Arabian Horse Society of South Dakota
examples of local associations
Horsin’ Around Club, Black Hills of SD
Brookings Riding Club
SDSU Horse Club
SDSU Rodeo Club/Team
SDSU Equestrian Team
SDSU Little International
AQHA Registration Rules
AQHA only allows for 20 spaces, including letters, numbers and blank spaces
◦ Arabic numbers are permitted at the end of a name
◦ Example: DASH FOR CASH F6
◦ No punctuation marks are permitted
◦ Do accept sound-alike names
◦ Example: Dashin EZ and Dashin Easy
◦ DO need to check for identical spellings, even if they are spaced differently
◦ Example: Easyjet and Easy Jet
◦ There is no limit on the number of initials or numbers that are in the name, and the name can
begin and end with a single letter
◦ Do not accept ill-mannered or vulgar names
a gait is any of the foot fall patterns of a horse what are the gaits?
walk, trot, canter/lope, gallop/run
ordinary gait of an average horse that is moving in balance and with a regular rhythm and average impulsion
working gait
performed at the same tempo as the working gait, but has a shorter, more elevated stride with a longer support phase - covers less ground than a working gait
collected gait
performed at the same tempo as the working gait but has a longer stride with more reach and an increased period of suspension - covers more ground than a working gait
extended gait
4-beat gait that should have a clear, even rhythm as the feet land and take off independently (LR, LF, RR, RF)
has alternating lateral and triangular bases of support, ideally, hind hoof prints should be in front of the imprints of the forefeet
signs of a good ___
long strides, relaxed back, raised and swinging tail, lowered head and neck, slight head nod and swinging, side-to side and up-and-down
walk
walk with shorter steps and covers less ground than the working walk, but has the same 4-beat rhythm
has a crisp cadence (marching), hind hoof print touched slightly behind the front imprints, springy action, last gait to work on when training a horse (easily spoiled)
collected walk
lengthening but not a quickening of the walk stride
horses hindquarters, head and neck, and all forelegs all reach forward, each hind hoof print should reach beyond the print of its forefoot, “rein-swinging” walk
extended walk
2-beat diagonal gait where the legs move in two diagonal pairs (RF and LR legs rise and fall together and LF and RH legs rise and fall together) RF and LR pair are on the right diagonal, LF and RR pair are on the left diagonal
between landings, there is a moment of suspension - springy gait
hind feet should step into the tracks of the front feet
trot/jog
gait performed under western tack, slower and smoother than a typical trot (still maintains a rhythm of 2 beats)
jog
gait performed under english tack, greater length of stride and impulsion than the jog
trot
longer strides, pushing and driving with the hindquarters with greater impulsion, really reaching with the front legs, keeping the same tempo as the working trot, has the longest moment of suspension - covers the most ground possible, hoof prints should over-step the front prints by a considerable distance
extended trot
3-beat gait, initiating hind leg (outside hind), diagonal pair (inside hind and outside foreleg), leading foreleg (inside foreleg), regrouping of legs - moment of suspension, initiating hind leg determines the lead, rider feels a moment of gliding
__ - relaxed version, western term
__ - english term
canter/lope
long, strong stride with the horse’s head and neck reaching forward, has maximum ground coverage per stride while retaining the tempo of a working canter
extended canter
strides are shorter, legs move higher, and more joint flexion, head and neck are up and flexed, hindquarters are well under the horse’s body
collected canter
horse is on one lead in the front and the other lead in the back - very rough to ride
cross-fire, disunited, cross-leading
cantering on the “outside” lead on purpose, develops obedience strength balance and suppleness
(example = loping in the right circle while being in the left lead and flexing to the left)
counter-canter
4-beat gait, horses fastest gait, foot-fall sequence is in the same order as the canter, but the canter’s second beat (inside hind-leg/outside foreleg) separates as the horse’s stride lengthens
gallop/run
when loping/cantering in a 3-beat gait, the horse travels in
leads
right foreleg will be the last leg to hit the ground - appears that the horse is leading with its right foreleg
right lead
the last beat will be when the left foreleg landing - looks as if the horse is leading with that leg
left lead
highest degree of balance in a horse, whole body is rounded up from his nose through to his fetlocks - gives ability to function efficiently at all gaits, performing the high degree maneuvers, horse has his hind end underneath him and his back is rounded up, lifting his belly off the ground - his hocks and stifle can get deeper underneath him - elevate his withers - lighter on the front end, horse needs to be broke first
collection
2-beat reverse gait, man-made gait (LR and RF are lifted - move backward - placed down together - alternate with the RR and LF diagonal), synchronized pairs when done proficiently; unpaired when back really slowly
back
specialty gait, lateral 2-beat gait, trunk undergoes side-to-side swaying, two legs on the same side of the horse move forward together, two feet are always on the ground
pace
move each leg independently - always one foot on the ground - never suspending themselves in the air - use less energy - more stamina - travel long distances, by keeping one foot on the ground at all times there is no bounce - less stress to the rider - great for trail and endurance riding, upper speeds = just a faster walk (flat walk, running walk, rack, saddle gait)
gaited horses
in the 1800s when horses were the primary mode of transportation, people looked for
smooth ride, minimal stress to rider and horse when ridden for hours, quiet temperament, willingness, trainability, naturally gaited
popular gaited horse breeds
Tennessee Walking Horse, Missouri Fox Trotter, Rocky Mountain Horse, Spotted Saddle, Kentucky Mountain Horse, Paso Fino, Peruvian Paso, Icelandic Pony, American Saddlebred, Standardbred
4-beat gait in which lateral legs appear to move together
slow gait
faster version where each foot hits the ground separately at equal intervals
rack
brisk far-reaching walk, with each foot hitting the ground separately at regular intervals, back legs glide far forward, creating an immense overstride
flat walk
much faster version of the gliding flat walk
running walk
front legs walk and hindlegs trot, with a large overstride
fox trot
lateral 4-beat gait where front feet roll toward the outside like a swimming motion
paso llano
same foot fall as a 4-beat walk, but lacks suspension and has high knee action in forelegs
tolt
lively trot in place, highly collected movement, leg joints are extremely flexed, moment of suspension before diagonal pairs of legs hit the ground
piaffe
trot in slow motion, powerful trot where the legs flex high and forward, moment of suspension in the air
passage
looks like horse is cantering in a small circle, front half forms a large circle around the hindquarters which is making a smaller circle
priouette
