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Intro To Horse Management > Anatomy, Hoof Problems, Conformation, Emergency Care, Vaccinations, Parasites > Flashcards

Anatomy, Hoof Problems, Conformation, Emergency Care, Vaccinations, Parasites Flashcards

1
Q

general character or the ___ determined by age and breed.
Skin is thin and firmly bound

A

Head

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2
Q

many tactile hairs (whiskers) scattered on the lips and chin and around the nostrils.
nostrils are large and widely spaced; supported by cartilage
velvety hair on ____.

A

Muzzle

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3
Q

upper part of ___ opening leads to a blind pouch (no other domestic species has this).
margins are very flexible and allow the opening to be dilated both actively when breathing and manually.
Horses are obligated to breathe through their noses (cannot breathe through their mouth).

A

Nostrils

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4
Q

entrance is small,
lips are covered by fine hairs giving a velvety texture.
very sensitive.
used in the selection and grasping food.

A

Mouth

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5
Q

prominent.
capable of being swiveled when attempting to locate sound.
express their emotions through their ___ carriage.

A

Ears

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6
Q

prominent and placed to each side of the head.
panoramic field of vision.
length of muzzle creates a blind area directly in front.
generally are dark brown in color

A

Eyes

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7
Q

“brown bodies” located at the top of the pupil (black hole in the middle of the eyeball)
normal in the horse eye
reduces glare and improves vision in bright light

A

corpora nigra

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8
Q

long, conforming to the shape of the mouth..
made up of 12+ muscles.
contains many nerves, very sensitive
upper surface has delicate “bumps” (papillae) that make it velvet-like in texture, sensory and motor function, help to guide food in position

A

tongue

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9
Q

fairly flat, highly mobile, works with teeth and lips to select and pick feedstuff = ___ portion of tongue

A

front

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10
Q

big lump, large muscle that pushes feedstuff to the back of the mouth, aids in swallowing = ___ portion of tongue

A

back

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11
Q

suited for herbivore diet.
grow continually throughout the horse’s life.
have two sets of ___ in lifetime: Deciduous (baby) and Permanent (adult)

A

teeth

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12
Q

out-pouching of the eustachian tube (connects ear to the back of the throat).
one of each side.
each can hold about 1/2 liter.
branches of very important nerve and artery run through these.

A

guttoral pouch

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13
Q

what is the purpose of the guttoral pouch

A

helps to cool the blood before it goes to the brain

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14
Q

What causes Guttoral Pouch Tympany (air trapped in GP) and which sex and age of horses does it affect?

A

causes: congenital defect, local tissue swelling from a previous respiratory infection, unknown
age: within 1st year of age
sex: fillies more than colts

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15
Q

elastic structure that gives the horse’s neck both mobility and strength
allows the horse to lift its head very quickly when grazing

A

nuchal ligament

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16
Q

different regions of the spine

A

cervical, thoracic, lumbar, sacral, coccygeal (caudal tail vertebrae)

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17
Q

what is the equine vertebral formula?

A

cervical = 7
thoracic = 18
lumbar = 6
sacral = 5
coccygeal = 15-21

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18
Q

The ___ cavity of the horse contains 18 pairs of ribs.

A

thoracic

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19
Q

organs of the digestive system occupy the greater part of this space

A

abdominal cavity

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20
Q

___ carry the greatest amount of weight and are the principal shock absorbers.
___ provide the main power for movement

A

forelimbs, hindlimbs

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21
Q

True/False: There are no muscles in the horse’s leg below the carpus or tarsus.

A

true

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22
Q

___ bones are located on the inside and outside of the cannon bones

A

splint

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23
Q

the flexor tendons and the suspensory ligaments, along with other ligamentous structures, make up the ___

A

suspensory apparatus

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24
Q

anatomical structures that allow the horse to stand at rest for long times with virtually no muscular effort

A

stay apparatus

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25
Q

structure that holds coffin bone and hoof wall together

A

lamina

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26
Q

junction between the sole and the wall

A

white line

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27
Q

pressure from the ___ into the digital cushion is the major means of returning blood from the bottom of the limbs into the body.

A

frog

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28
Q

degree to which the hind leg reaches forward under the body

A

reach

29
Q

what is the #1 problem with the horse’s feet

A

lack of farrier syndrome

30
Q

what causes hoof rings

A

diet changes, high fevers, aggressive shoeing, improper trimming and shoeing

31
Q

what can cause hoof cracks

A

abnormal foot conformation, trauma to coronet, improper shoeing or trimming

32
Q

indicates how proportional a horse is

A

balance

33
Q

True/False: To evaluate the balance of the body view from the side. the length of the shoulder = length of back = length of hip

A

true

34
Q

ideally the top of the neck should be twice as long as the underside of the horse’s neck in a ___ ratio

A

2-to-1

35
Q

the back of the horse should be ___ as long as the underline

A

1/2

36
Q

___ act as shock absorbers to the horse’s movement

A

pasterns

37
Q

the ideal hip is what shape

A

square

38
Q

name some signs of distress in horses

A

decreased appetite
lethargic
lying down longer than normal
single animal off by itself
sudden lameness
squinting, tearing, or holding the eye closed
fever (greater than 102 degrees F)
purple or red gum color

39
Q

what is the question you should always ask yourself when you see a horse in distress?

A

is it safe to approach the horse

40
Q

name some of the things you should have in your first-aid kit

A

gauze pads
roll cotton
brown gauze
adhesive wrap
leg wraps
scissors
white tape
duct tape
stethoscope
thermometer
hoof pick
surgical soap
eye wash
antiseptic. solution
latex gloves
flashlight w/ spare batteries

41
Q

what is the normal temperature range for a horse in fahrenheit

A

99.5 to 101.5

42
Q

what is the normal resting heart rate of a horse

A

28 to 44 BPM

43
Q

what is the normal respiratory rate of a horse

A

12 to 16 breaths per minute

44
Q

what are things to tell the vet if your horse is in distress

A

recent changes in feed or routine
medical information (such as pregnancy or recent vaccinations, deworming, etc.)
heart rate and gut sounds
quantity and consistency of manure passed int he last 24 hours

45
Q

describe what blood looks like coming from an artery

A

cherry red in color
pulsating/squirting blood out of the wound
carry blood away from the heart

46
Q

describe what blood looks like coming from the vein

A

dark red in color
ooze out of the wound moving slowly and steadily

47
Q

describe what blood looks like coming from the capillaries

A

blood oozes from the damaged body part
typically a skin injury (ex. scrape, minor cut)

48
Q

causes of sudden lameness

A

hoof abscess
fractures
laminitis
tendon injuries

49
Q

signs of choke

A

coughing and retching
extending the neck
large amounts of nasal discharge, containing food and saliva

50
Q

what is the #1 killer of horses in America

A

colic

51
Q

what is colic

A

abdominal pain

52
Q

what are the clinical signs of colic

A

laying down
biting at belly
rolling
laying flat out
sweaty
stretch out (looks like horse is attempting to urinate)

53
Q

most critical factor in determining the severity of a wound on a horse

A

location

54
Q

what are the signs of inflammation

A

heat
pain
swelling
redness
decreased function

55
Q

any condition that impairs normal function of the body

A

disease

56
Q

factors to consider when vaccinating

A

age
occupation
housing
geographical location

57
Q

core vaccinations include:

A

sleeping sickness (western/eastern)
tetanus
west nile
rabies

58
Q

common non-core vaccinations include:

A

influenza
rhinopneumonitis
strangles
potomac horse fever

59
Q

how are almost all vaccinations for horses given

A

IM - intramuscular

60
Q

what are the mild reactions to vaccinations and when do they typically resolve

A

slightly depressed
low grade fever
poor appetite
soreness/stiffness at the injection site
hives

24-48 hours after vaccination

61
Q

what are the serious reactions to vaccinations

A

swelling to the face
difficulty breathing
downer horse

62
Q

what can internal parasites do to horses

A

lower the horse’s resistance to infection
rob him of valuable nutrients
cause permanent damage to internal organs

63
Q

what is strategic deworming

A

focus on the 25% of the horses that are causing 75% of the parasite problem

not trying to eliminate parasites from all horses

64
Q

goals of parasite control

A

reduce transmission
maintain worm burdens below harmful levels
manage those horses that maintain chronically high parasite levels

65
Q

signs of parasites in horses

A

dull, rough hair coat
decreased stamina, lethargy, or depression
unthrifty or loss of body condition
slowed growth in young horses
pot belly (esp. in young horses)
colic
diarrhea

66
Q

the most common and troublesome parasites are

A

pinworms
ascarids (roundworms)
small strongyles
tapeworms

think of the word PAST

67
Q

what is the purpose of a fecal egg count

A

identify which individual horses are shedding more parasite eggs and should be dewormed more frequently

68
Q

what is the #1 goal to manage internal parasites

A

reduce shedding of eggs on pastures where they can contaminate many horses (via feces)

Intro To Horse Management (4 decks)

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