Colonisation of Land Flashcards

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1
Q

5 requirements for land plant

A
  • Multicellular
  • Eukaryotic
  • Autotrophic
  • Cell wall characterized by cellulose
  • Chloroplast with chlorophyll a and b
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2
Q

4 shared feature between charophytes and land plants

A
  • Biochemistry
  • Cytokinesis
  • Sperm ultrastructure
  • Cell wall composition
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3
Q

What does close relationship between two groups suggest

A

Land plants most likely evolved from green algae

Charophyte-like algae are ancestors of land plants

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4
Q

What are ancestral traits

A

Evolutionary origin of plants from ancestral algae

- Traits we see land plants have today that ancestors displayed as well

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5
Q

What are derived traits

A

Adaption to plants to a terrestrial environment

- trais organisms have now but ancestors did not have

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6
Q

4 problems faced by land plants

A
  • Desiccation
  • Support
  • Reproduction & development
  • Coping w/environmental fluctuations
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7
Q

What are embryophyteds

A
  • Land plants with multicellular embryo that develops within the mother plant
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8
Q

What are gametophytes

A
  • Multicellular adult with haploid cells that produce gametes by mitosis
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9
Q

What are sporophytes

A
  • Multicellular adult with diploid cells that produce spores by meiosis
  • It is a diploid cuhs has 2 copies of each chromosome in each cell
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10
Q

Describe 3 derived traits of plants

A
  • Alternation of generation & multicellular embryo develops within mother plant
  • Walled spores (with sporopollenin) produced in multicellular sporangia)
  • Gametes produced in multicellular gametangia
  • Growth of shoots and roots (apical meristem)
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11
Q

List 4 other adaptions to life on land

A
  • Waterproof cuticle to prevent water loss
  • Stoma :
    Allow exchange of co2 and o2
    Prevent moisture loss
  • Vascular tissues:
    Xylem; h2o and minerals up fem roots
    Phloem; distribute sugars etc
  • Secondary compounds:
    Protect against herbivores, UV, pathogens
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12
Q

What key adaption do bryophytes not have that is present in seedless land plants

A

No vascular system (i.e. no xylem or phloem) so there is a constraint to take up co2.

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13
Q

Name 2 constraints and their result for bryophytes that have no vascular system

A
  • Constrain #1 height:
    No vascular system, no true roots, no true leaves
    Water & nutrients transported by diffusion
  • Constraint #2 moist environment
    Flagellated sperm must swim to egg thru film o water
    So must live in moist areas
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14
Q

How many species of moss found in BC?

A

1000

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15
Q

What does seedless vascular plants key adaption and 3 pros

A

Vascular tissue

  • Allows for efficient transport of water, nutrients, sugars
  • Provides structural support
  • Reduces height constrant
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16
Q

Why would taller plants be better competitors

A

Better access to sunlight

17
Q

Name a consequence of vascular system and a constraint of seedless vascular plants

A

Consequence: Increased vegetation
- Increase photosynthetic activity caused a decreased in atmospheric co2
Constraint: Moist environment
- Flagellated sperm must swim to egg thru film of water

18
Q

Name two key adaptions of gymnosperms aka conifers and ginkgoes

A

Key adaption: Seed
- New sporophyte embryo protected in seed
- Allows for interruption of lifecycle
Key adaption: Pollen
- Male gametophyte protected by spore coat
- Sperm travels in pollen
- Travel by wind: no need for h2o

19
Q

What are 2 key adaptions of angiosperms aka flowering plants

A

Key adaption: Flower

  • Vector pollination increases reproductive success -> more economical & effective even @ low population density
  • Co-evolution of plants & pollinators

Key adaption: Fruit
- Dispersal of seeds by animal movement

20
Q

4 characteristics of fungus

A
  • Multicellular
  • Eukaryotic
  • Heterotrophic
  • Absorptive nutrition
21
Q

How do fungal hyphae and plant root function together

A

Fungal hyphae absorb h2o and minerals better than plant
Plant exchanges sugars and h2o for nutrients
Fungus called Mycorrhizae