Colonisation Flashcards
1
Q
North - Strategic
A
-
Egypt - Suez Canal 1869
- Short route to India - ‘jewel in crown’
- Australia/Malaya - useful in war
- Access to Br Indian Army
- Disraeli sought the strategic waterway
- Bought 44% share (1875)
-
Cape-Cairo railway:
- Critical element in Br’s scheme:
- unify possessions (colonies)
- enabled military to move quickly/conduct war
- Critical element in Br’s scheme:
2
Q
North - Nationalism (Egypt)
A
-
Egypt - Colonel Pasha:
- 1882 revolt
- Br had to set up to protect investments
-
Left leadership vacuum Br had to fill
- Trigger to take over land!
3
Q
North - Nationalism (Sudan)
A
-
Sudan - Mahdi:
- Gen. Gordon sent to evacuate was killed (1885)
- Outrage in Br
- Gladstone accused of being too weak to send more troops.
- Avenge Gordon - Br excuse to takeover!
4
Q
North - Economic Factors
A
-
Egypt - Br banks vast amounts into investments:
- Cotton
- Lent sums for Khedive’s modernisation scheme
- Fear losing investments
- Br econ thrived on “free trade”
- Another took over?
-
Protectionism will impose tax on exports
- Can’t sell cheap -> no one will buy -> economy drop
-
Protectionism will impose tax on exports
- Another took over?
5
Q
North - Imperial Rivalry (Egypt)
A
-
Egypt - policy to prop up Ottoman Emp:
- Didn’t want others to benefit from collapse
- Shown by sending troops (1882) to put down revolt to support it!
- Nationalism would free control from Turkey - can ally w/ others!
-
Feared inc. Fr influence
- Owned 55% Suez
- Threat to trade/Suez route
6
Q
North - Imperial Rivalry (Sudan)
A
- Fr wamted land from E–>W coast inc. Nile HQ
- Br wanted Cape–>Cairo railway
- Led to confrontation at Fashoda (1898)
- Though military conflict b/w EU superpowers unlikely
-
Anglo-Fr agreement over Nile Valley (1899)
- Didn’t want Fr gain foothold in region
- Incident efforts show imp of rivalry - trigger?
7
Q
East - Economic Factors
A
-
Raw materials - Nile:
-
Zanzibar - vast quantities manufactured goods from Br->Ind
- Total imp/exp trade £2 mill
- Major trade in E. interior - ivory/leather goods
- Desire to inc. inlet of resources
-
Elusive source of Nile
- Egypt’s econ stability depended
-
Zanzibar - vast quantities manufactured goods from Br->Ind
-
Econ. motivation long-pres factor, but not substatial enough for exp.
- Trigger likely imp rivalry, properly sparked by Berlin Conf.
8
Q
East - Imperial Rivalry
A
-
Fear inc. Fr influence:
- Claimed Madagascar
- Leave Br little land left
- Raised prospect of threat to Br trade w/ creation of Fr/Ger naval base on coast
- Threat Suez route
- Claimed Madagascar
-
Berlin Conf (1884-5):
- “Effective occupation” policy
- Rivals felt need to exert influence even stronger!
- Br needed to discard ‘informal influence’ to protect spheres from foreign influence
- Br determined to resist imbalance from rivals
- Made occupation much quicker, thus quickened pace of partition
9
Q
East - M.O.T.S (MacKinnon)
A
- IBEAC (1885) to attract investment
- Br didn’t want involvement; saw little econ value
-
Berlin Conf –> fear of not being dominant
- Led to chartering (1888)
- Provoked by Bismarck’s support for Peters
- Shows econ concerns not enough to expand; triggered by competition
10
Q
East - M.O.T.S (Peters)
A
-
German E. Af Co (1884)
- Collected signed treaties w/ local chiefs
- Gained govt backing from Chanc. Bismarck
- German intervention evoked fear!
- Prompted Br govt to give same support for MacKinnon by chartering
11
Q
East - M.O.T.S (Cpt. Lugard)
A
- Contributed to exp. Br influence in East
-
Bugandan civil war:
- Anglican missionary assassinated, Hannington
- Br had to step in to achieve stability
- IBEAC sent military unit under him (1890)
- Success ext. IBEAC authority, limiting Peter’s treaties
12
Q
West - Economic Factors
A
- Trade on coast - trading ports were govt protectorates
- Gold fields controlled by Ashanti tribe
- Nigeria - palm oil; industrial lube for industry
13
Q
West - Nationalism
A
-
Ashanti:
- Sought to exp. rule; promote trade
- Invaded Fanti lands (Br allies)
- Led to series of wars final resulted in Ashanti defeat
- 1902 Ashanti lands became part of Gold Coast colony)
- Was fundamental trigger to expand!
14
Q
West - Imperial Rivalry
A
-
French:
- Interested in exp. colony Senegal to develop W. Af emp, until almost swallowed Gambia
-
Gambia - econ insignif old colony; thought of swapping for other land
- Gambia lobby didn’t want this - pressure!
- Br determined to have inf. in West; kept useless land!
- Rivalry key factor, rather than econ. sparked by Berlin Conf.
-
Belgians:
- Set up Congo Free State to expolit rubber trade - growing influence
15
Q
West - M.O.T.S
A
-
Goldie:
- United Afr Co (1879) est to encourage commerical interest
- 1881 sought charter from Gladstone’s govt - attempts failed!
- Foreign activity (Fr) in area led to charter (1886) to Royal Niger Company
- Govt backing didn’t immediately follow - implies diff factor needed to provoke exp
- Trigger largely rivalry - kicked off by Berlin (1885)
